Abstract
Background: Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, are absorbed through contaminated food sources and water. Few studies have investigated the extent to which dietary heavy metals are associated with low bone mineral density. Aims: We aimed to characterize the dietary intake of the heavy metals lead, cadmium and mercury among healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women in Spain. Furthermore, we sought to establish a putative relationship between bone health and the intake of these heavy metals in this population. Study Design: The daily intake of the heavy metals considered for the different food groups was calculated by accounting for food content and consumption in 281 postmenopausal women. Bone measurements were performed using a Quantitative Bone Ultrasound (QUS), a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and a Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT). Results: The average estimated dietary cadmium exposure among the 281 women studied was 29.87 μg/day (20.41–41.04) and 3.03 μg/kg body weight (b.w.; 2.17–4.40). Dietary lead exposure was 46.24 μg/day (38.11–54.77) and 4.87 μg/kg b.w. (4.00–6.14). The estimated dietary mercury exposure was 11.64 μg/day and 1.19 μg/kg b.w. (0.82–1.76). Participants were classified according to their heavy metal intake (above or below the respective medians). After further adjustment for potential confounding factors, no significant differences were found in all the measured parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions: We did not find associations between bone health and the dietary intake of three heavy metals in postmenopausal women. Dietary intake of the measured heavy metals were within the recommended values.
Highlights
Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, occurs through contaminated food sources and water; they can be inhaled from cigarette smoke and other sources of air pollution [1]
We explored the risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) at either the hip or the lumbar spine for dietary cadmium, lead and mercury
We explored the risk of low BMD after adjusting for the dietary intake of calcium, magnesium, iron, vitamin D and calories via a logistic regression
Summary
Exposure to heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, occurs through contaminated food sources and water; they can be inhaled from cigarette smoke and other sources of air pollution [1]. Cadmium exposure among non-occupationally exposed people occurs primarily via smoking tobacco and secondarily by eating foods containing cadmium [2]. Cadmium affects the absorption of key divalent cations for bone metabolism such as calcium [1]. Heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, are absorbed through contaminated food sources and water. Aims: We aimed to characterize the dietary intake of the heavy metals lead, cadmium and mercury among healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women in Spain. Bone measurements were performed using a Quantitative Bone Ultrasound (QUS), a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and a Peripheral
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More From: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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