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Abstract
BackgroundThis study focused on the evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extracts and their antibacterial potential on some water-related bacterial isolates. The bacterial isolates were confirmed using standard microbiological test. The leaves of V. amygdalina were subjected to extraction using the Maceration method with water and ethanol as the extraction solvents. Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) was carried out on extracts. Antibacterial susceptibility test of V. amygdalina extracts on isolates was carried out.ResultsAqueous extract of V. amygdalina had a higher percentage yield (11.89%) than the ethanol extract (5.37%). The GC–MS carried out revealed the presence of butanoic acid, squalene, palmitaldehyde, octadecanoic acid, Z-hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, oxirane, tetradecyl, 3- methyl-2-phenylindole, n-heneicosane, phytol, methyl-2-O-benzyl-d-arabinofuranoside, cholest-5-en-3-ol acetate; with hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester and 1,1-diethoxy-3methylbutane having the highest percentage composition of 24.37% and 13.42% in aqueous and ethanol extract, respectively, aqueous extract highly inhibited Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 10.333 ± 0.882 and 36.667 ± 0.882 for 25 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml, respectively, while the ethanol extracts inhibited most of the isolates with an inhibition range of 7.000 ± 1.155 to 30.333 ± 0.882. The minimum inhibitory concentration for both extracts on the isolates varies from 25 to 50 mg/ml.ConclusionsThe ethanol extract of V. amygdalina had a higher inhibitory activity on the bacterial isolates than water. These findings indicate the potential of ethanol extract of V. amygdalina leaf in the treatment of water borne infections.
Highlights
This study focused on the evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extracts and their antibacterial potential on some water-related bacterial isolates
The antibacterial activity of V. amygdalina leaf extracts against the tested isolates had varying inhibition zones at varying concentration; aqueous extract highly inhibited Escherichia coli with an inhibition zone of 10.333 ± 0.882 and 26.667 ± 0.882 for 25 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml, respectively, while the ethanol extracts inhibited most of the isolates with an inhibition range of 2.000 ± 1.155 to
This study revealed the bioactive compounds present in V. amygdalina leaf; twenty to twenty-three bioactive compounds were identified in the aqueous and ethanol extracts of V. amygdalina which are mainly characterized by its percentage abundance
Summary
This study focused on the evaluation of the bioactive compounds of Vernonia amygdalina Del. leaf extracts and their antibacterial potential on some water-related bacterial isolates. It was estimated that diarrhoea due to unsafe water and a lack of basic sanitation contributes to the death of 1.5 million children who are less than five years of age each year, in 2004. Most of these deaths occur in lowand middle-income Countries, the factors related to higher prevalence of diarrhoea among this children are lack of education of mother, breastfeeding for less than 1 year, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, literacy, personal hygiene, roundworm infestation, night blindness, female sex, overcrowding, garbage disposal, nutritional status, immunization status, source of water supply and toilet facility (Gupta et al 2015)
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