Abstract
Fluoride-containing toothpaste is daily used in toothbrush. Some compounds derived from natural herbs that have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities has attracted increasing attention as potential supplements for the control of oral diseases. In this paper, a natural product mixture (NPM-8) containing eight herbs extracts was added to toothpaste, and its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were investigated. The results showed that NPM-8-containing toothpaste exhibited superior and faster inhibitory and bactericidal effects against S. mutans, S. sanguinis and P. gingivalis than that of the NPM-8-free toothpaste. NPM-8-containing toothpaste significantly reduced the biomass of single-species or three-species biofilms. The cytotoxicity of the NPM-8-containing toothpaste was similar to that of the conventional fluoride toothpaste and CHX. The NPM-8-containing toothpaste could significantly inhibit IL-1β and IL-6 production in HGE cells and exhibited a better anti-inflammatory effect than that of the NPM-8-free toothpaste. In conclusion, NPM-8-containing fluoride toothpaste is superior to conventional fluoride toothpaste in regard to their antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory properties. NPM-8-containing toothpaste also has good biocompatibility and is safe for daily use. It indicates that NPM-8 is a promising natural product mixture in oral health.
Highlights
Oral diseases are common diseases that occur frequently and are estimated to affect half of the global population (James et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2018)
Growth curves were first measured to explore the antibacterial activity of the two toothpastes against oral commensal bacteria, with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment as a negative control and CHX treatment as a positive control
NPM-8-free toothpaste, NPM-8-containing toothpaste and CHX almost completely inhibited the growth of S. mutans and S. sanguinis (Figures 1A, B)
Summary
Oral diseases are common diseases that occur frequently and are estimated to affect half of the global population (James et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2018). 700 species of oral bacteria, fungi, and other oral microorganisms are embedded in extracellular matrix, Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL-1b, interleukin-1b; IL-6, interleukin-6; NaF, sodium fluoride; NF-kB, nuclear factor kappa-B; EPS, exopolysaccharides; VSCs, volatile sulfur compounds; CHX, chlorhexidine; BHI, brain heart infusion; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium; CV, crystal violet; HGE, human gingival epithelial cell; FBS, fetal bovine serum; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Toothpaste functionally and structurally adhering to the tooth surface or the oral mucosa in the form of biofilms (Marsh and Zaura, 2017). Streptococcus mutans, which has acidogenic/aciduric characteristics and the ability to produce extracellular matrix, is considered the primary etiological agent of dental caries (Klein et al, 2015). These bacteria can trigger the host immune response and induce the host to secrete cytokines such as interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), disrupting host immune homeostasis and causing oral dysbiosis (Hajishengallis and Lamont, 2021)
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