Evaluation of the Anesthetic Properties of Dexmedetomidine and Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Combination and the Properties of Atipamezole as a Reversal Agent in Domestic Pigeons

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine and ketamine alone and dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination and the effects of α2 adrenergic reversal atipamezole in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). In DX group, dexmedetomidine (80 μg/kg), in K group, ketamine (100 mg/kg) alone, in DXK group, dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) and ketamine (50 mg/kg) consecutively were administered intramuscularly (IM). Anesthetic depth and cardiopulmonary symptoms were monitored starting from the pre-injection moment (T0) till the 60th minute (T60). At T60, atipamezole at a dosage 4 times that of dexmedetomidine was injected intramuscularly to the DX group (320 μg/kg) and the DXK group (160 μg/kg). In the DX group, only minimal sedation, bradycardia, and a sudden drop in respiratory rate were seen (P<0.05). The cardiopulmonary parameter values in the DXK group were affected to a less-er extent compared to the DK group. In the DXK group, 22.47±0.64 minutes after atipamezole injection, all pigeons were on their feet. As a result, it was concluded that dexmedetomidine (80 μg/kg) alone should not be used in pigeons, and if it is needed to be used, cardiopulmonary parameters should be carefully monitored peri-anesthetically. Dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) and ketamine (50 mg/kg) can be used in clinical practices that require a moderate level of anesthesia. Atipamezole can safely be used at 4 times the dosage of dexmedetomidine in pigeons.