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Abstract
This study was aimed at determining effects of increasing simultaneous contamination of soil with Pb and Zn at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg·kg -1 and with Cd at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg·kg -1 soil, after the addition of immobilizing agents (zeolite, diatomite, chalcedonite, dolomite, limestone, and activated carbon), on selected properties of soil. In the soil without the immobilizing agents, the highest doses of metals caused a decrease in pH value, total sorption capacity, total exchangeable base cations and saturation of the sorption complex with base cations as well as an increase in hydrolytic acidity and electrical conductivity of the soil. Among the agents applied, dolomite and activated carbon exerted a positive effect on the analyzed properties of soil, as they contributed to an increase in pH value, total exchangeable bases, and total sorption capacity, and to a decrease in hydrolytic acidity of the soil. The addition of zeolite caused soil electrical conductivity to decrease compared to the control pot, at all levels of soil contamination with Pb, Cd, and Zn.
Highlights
Land degradation caused by human activities has significant adverse effects on the environments especially on the soils worldwide (Mandal and Sharda 2013, Lago-Vila et al 2015, Adamcová et al 2016)
They accumulate in the environment reaching dangerous concentrations (Vareda and Durães 2017). Both anthropogenic and natural factors determine contents of heavy metals in soils, including contents of Cd, Zn, and Pb, as well as modify its physicochemical properties (Mazur et al 2015, Adamcová et al 2016, Mazur and Mazur 2016). These properties are affected by the extent of soil contamination with heavy metals and by the type of immobilizing agents added to the soil (Gul et al 2015)
The pH value, electrical conductivity, hydrolytic acidity, and sorption properties of the soil the test plant was cultivated in were influenced by both: doses of heavy metals used to contaminate the soil and immobilizing agents applied, i.e. zeolite, diatomite, chalcedonite, dolomite, limestone, and activated carbon (Table 2–3)
Summary
Land degradation caused by human activities has significant adverse effects on the environments especially on the soils worldwide (Mandal and Sharda 2013, Lago-Vila et al 2015, Adamcová et al 2016). Severe problem is posed by soil contamination with heavy metals as a result of their migration or accumulation in individual components of the natural environment (Ha et al 2014, Yang et al 2016, Yang et al 2017). The natural content of Cd in soils is determined by a few factors including: geological origin of bedrocks, soil age, and strength of weathering processes It occurs mainly in the form of sulfides, at deposits of Zn and Cu. Cd concentrations in soils in many countries are increasing due to inadvertent additions in fertilizer, biosolids, and soil amendments, as well as additions from the atmosphere (Czarnecki and Düring 2015, Annu et al 2016). The mean concentration of Cd in soils of the globe usually does not exceed 0.5 mg·kg-1, whereas in Polish soils it ranges from 0.20 to EVALUATION OF THE ADDITION OF IMMOBILIZING AGENTS
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