Abstract
This study investigated the systemic inflammatory response and mechanism of pulmonary lesions induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom in murine in the state of Bahia. In order to investigate T helper Th1, Th2 and Th17 lymphocyte profiles, we measured interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels in the peritoneal fluid and macerated lungs of mice and histopathological alterations at the specific time windows of 1h, 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h after inoculation with Crotalus durissus cascavella venom. The data demonstrated an increase of acute-phase cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) in the first hours after inoculation, with a subsequent increase in IL-10 and IL-4, suggesting immune response modulation for the Th2 profile. The histopathological analysis showed significant morphological alterations, compatible with acute pulmonary lesions, with polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, intra-alveolar edema, congestion, hemorrhage and atelectasis. These findings advance our understanding of the dynamics of envenomation and contribute to improve clinical management and antiophidic therapy for individuals exposed to venom.
Highlights
Accidents involving snakes have been considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2007
The present study evaluated the systemic inflammatory response and pulmonary lesions induced by Crotalus durissus cascavella venom in mice, by quantifying tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IFNγ, IL-17A and IL-2 cytokines and evaluating histopathologic alterations in the pulmonary parenchyma
Analysis of the peritoneal fluid and macerated lung indicated that Crotalus durissus cascavella venom induced varied levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and regulatory response at all intervals analyzed
Summary
Accidents involving snakes have been considered a neglected disease by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2007. It has been recognized as a public health issue with approximately 2.5 million envenomation accidents worldwide, leading to 125,000 deaths and many victims with serious permanent sequelae [1].
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