Evaluation of surface roughness and Vickers microhardness of various nano-herbal extracts on demineralized dentin and their bactericidal efficacy with 970-nm wavelength diode laser irradiation

Lamiaa M Moharam,Manal M Adel,Doaa M Sadony,Karim Montasser

doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00638-3

Lamiaa M Moharam, Manal M Adel + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00638-3

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Abstract

ObjectiveWas to evaluate effect of clove, turmeric and garlic nano-herbal extracts on surface roughness and microhardness of demineralized dentin, and their bactericidal effect on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus with or without diode laser irradiation.MethodsThree 5% nano-formulas were prepared and characterized using transmission electron microscope. MI paste Plus™ was used as control. A total of 100 specimens of demineralized dentin were prepared and treated with 3 W-power diode laser; then, the different tested materials for 10-min before the surface roughness and Vickers microhardness tests were conducted. Eighty coronal cavities were prepared (1-mm diameter × 2-mm depth). Cavities were inoculated with the tested materials with S. mutans or S. sobrinus bacteria, with or without diode laser irradiation for 20-s. Colony-forming unit method was used for counting the viable bacteria. Data were explored for normality using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests and showed parametric distribution for the surface roughness and microhardness tests, and non-parametric distribution for the bactericidal activity test.ResultsThe herbal formulas had a significant surface roughness and microhardness mean values. It showed a significant antimicrobial effect on the tested bacteria. When they were combined with diode laser, they showed a significantly higher antimicrobial effect.ConclusionsThe tested herbal formulas represent potent topical remineralizing and antibacterial agents especially when they are used in conjunction with diode laser irradiation.

Highlights

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease, responsible for demineralization of the tooth structure and increasing the surface roughness of the tooth structures with a subsequent decrease in their microhardness due to partial removal of the mineral content (Marsh 2003).One of the main etiologic factors of dental caries is oral bacteria
In the current study, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) scanning revealed that the average particles size of the three prepared nano-herbal extracts ranged from 40- to 50-nm, which lies within the nanoscale
Data obtained from the present study showed that diode laser irradiation had significantly increased the surface roughness of the tested specimens

Summary

Introduction

One of the main etiologic factors of dental caries is oral bacteria. Moharam et al Bull Natl Res Cent (2021) 45:178 are found abundantly in dental plaque. Their adherence to tooth surface is evident, and their pathogenic characteristics make them initiating agents of dental caries (Forssten et al 2010). Dentin demineralization occurs in a faster rate than enamel due to the lower inorganic content of the dentin and higher organic content which magnify the development of caries. The size of the hydroxyapatite crystals in dentin is considerably lesser than that in enamel, so the dentin-matrix is more prone to acidic attacks. Thereby, dentin remineralization is more complex than enamel that might be due to the presence of more pronounced remaining hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel (Xu et al 2011)

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