Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of different orthodontic bracket materials (ceramic, stainless steel, and titanium) as well as stresses developed in bracket-cement-enamel systems using finite element (FE) analysis.MethodsOne hundred and thirty-five extracted human caries-free upper central incisors were divided into three groups (n = 45/group) according to the type of orthodontic bracket materials (stainless steel, ceramic, and titanium). Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 15/group) according to the bond strength test loading mode (shear short side, shear long side, and tensile). After debonding, the fractured specimen was examined, and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined. FE analysis models analyzed the stress distribution within the cement and enamel. Bond strengths were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test, and the ARI scores were analyzed using chi-square (χ2) test.ResultsShear loading at the short side of the bracket resulted in the highest bond strength and lowest maximum principal stress both on cement and enamel compared with the other loading modes (P < 0.05). Ceramic brackets presented with higher bond strength and lower maximum principal stress than metallic brackets (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference for ARI scores between the type of brackets (χ2 = 64.852, P < 0.001).ConclusionThe findings suggest that the manner of loading orthodontic brackets and the selection of orthodontic bracket materials affect the bond strength and stresses developed both on cement and enamel.
Highlights
IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of different orthodontic bracket materials (ceramic, stainless steel, and titanium) as well as stresses developed in bracket-cement-enamel systems using finite element (FE) analysis
The purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of different orthodontic bracket materials as well as stresses developed in bracket-cement-enamel systems using finite element (FE) analysis
Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 15/group) according to the bond strength test as follows: Subgroup 1: The orthodontic brackets were loaded at the short side during shear bond strength (SBS) test
Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the bond strength of different orthodontic bracket materials (ceramic, stainless steel, and titanium) as well as stresses developed in bracket-cement-enamel systems using finite element (FE) analysis. Several materials have been used for the production of orthodontic brackets including stainless steel, titanium, plastic, and ceramics. Titanium has been introduced as an alternative material for the production of orthodontic brackets due to its proven biocompatibility, lack of allergenicity, and increased corrosion resistance [2,3]. Ceramic brackets were introduced to orthodontics to meet the increasing demand for more esthetic appliances. In vitro testing of orthodontic bond strength provides a guide to the selection of bracket-adhesive combinations [7,8]. The large distribution of results and the lack of standardization of bond strength testing protocols often prevent confident conclusions from being drawn [8,9,10]
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