Abstract
Abstract Acoustic or visual warning signals for workers in hazardous situations might fail under loud and/or lowvisibility work situations. A warning system that uses electrocutaneous stimulation can overcome this problem. The aim of this pilot study was to find spatio-temporal stimulation patterns for appropriate electrical warning. Eight electrode pairs were attached to the upper right arm of 16 participants. The stimulation was conducted with bi-phasic rectangular pulses of 150 μs and an amplitude of up to 25 mA. Pulse intervals that generate a single pulse, pulsating, vibrating, and continuous perception as well as varying spatial patterns (e.g. alternating between electrode pairs or circumferentially around the arm) were investigated and evaluated with regard to alertness, discomfort, and urgency. The pilot study revealed that a stimulation signal that generates a vibrating perception and is applied as a circumferential signal around the arm showed the highest values of alertness and is therefore considered a potential warning pattern for future studies with larger study groups.
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