Abstract
To determine the optimal embryogenic capacity (somatic embryo production) of the selected elite nematode-resistant genotypes of Pinus thunbergii, variables such as embryogenic tissue (ET) morphology, maternal genotype, proliferation rate and tissue age were analyzed. ET morphology and histological evaluation of the proliferation stage showed a decrease in filamentous clump and protuberant surfaces and a decline in the acetocarmine-staining area, which indicates a decrease in somatic embryo production (SEP). Variations in cell physiology during the proliferation stage showed that SEP was positively correlated with soluble sugars and proteins, but negatively correlated with starch, peroxidase, and superoxidase. In addition, SEP was significantly (p < 0.001) affected by maternal genotype, tissue age and proliferation rate. Moreover, SEP was positively correlated with proliferation rate (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), but negatively correlated with tissue age (r = − 0.95, p < 0.001). In general, the results suggest that SEP could be assessed in ET proliferation stages by the apparent cell morphology, histology, proliferation rate and tissue age, which provides novel insights for evaluating the ET maturation capacity (number of somatic embryos) during the proliferation stage of P. thunbergii somatic embryogenesis.
Highlights
Somatic embryogenesis may be used as a tool to increase the quality and productivity of elite genotypes
The somatic embryo production (SEP) was defined as the number of mature somatic embryos (SEs) on maturation medium /the FW of embryogenic tissue (ET) transferred from the proliferation to maturation medium
We determined the differences in SEP between maternal genotypes and cell lines, and we found that line 1537–1 had the highest SEP among the tested cell lines
Summary
Somatic embryogenesis may be used as a tool to increase the quality and productivity of elite genotypes. Production during the embryogenic tissue proliferation stage and established early-stage indicators to select highyielding cell lines for practical applications These indicators were beneficial in improving the maturation efficiency of elite trees, especially for pine wood nematode-resistant P. thunbergii. ET characterized by special morphology (embryonal-suspensor mass [ESM] structures) produced the greatest maturation yield in Pinus species (Breton et al 2005; Vestman et al 2010) These traits can be used to assess the ET maturation capacity before the maturation process of somatic embryogenesis. We studied the effects of ET morphology and physiology, maternal genotype, tissue age and proliferation rate on the SEP of P. thunbergii, and we established criteria to predict the ET maturation capacity before maturation of the somatic embryo. The aim was to select the ET having high-yielding SEs in the proliferation stage for practical applications
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