Abstract
The new smartphone-based food diagnostic technologies offer significant advantages over traditional methods as they can be easily applied in various steps of the agrifood supply chain including household use and also in the food recovery field for charitable purposes, aimed at helping to reduce food waste. Further advantages include the low cost, the minimal equipment, and nonspecialized personnel required. This study evaluated the performance of two instrumental measurements of the sensors: an electronic nose (PEN3; WinMuster Airsense Analytics) and a smart portable device (FOODsniffer; ARS LAB US). The preliminary study was conducted on cape hake fillets. In order to test the performance of PEN3 and FOODsniffer, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values were considered as the reference. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson’s correlation were performed in order to compare PEN3 with TVB-N, and for the FOODsniffer evaluation, a one-way ANOVA was carried out. A significant correlation was shown between PEN3, first component, and TVB-N (r = 0.92, P=0.01). The ANOVA results also confirmed a good agreement between FOODsniffer, TVB-N (F = 519.9, P=0.01), and PEN3 (F = 143.17, P=0.01). Our simulation results confirmed good performance in both methods.
Highlights
IntroductionAquatic products (mainly fish, aquatic molluscs, and crustaceans) have a critical role in the food system, providing nearly 3 billion people with at least 15% of their animal protein intake [1]
Aquatic products have a critical role in the food system, providing nearly 3 billion people with at least 15% of their animal protein intake [1]
The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values were found to increase in all llets during storage until they reached a maximum value after 7 days of storage, corresponding to the days in which shes are judged un t for human consumption according to the limits provided by Regulation (CE) no. 2074/2005
Summary
Aquatic products (mainly fish, aquatic molluscs, and crustaceans) have a critical role in the food system, providing nearly 3 billion people with at least 15% of their animal protein intake [1]. Journal of Chemistry e electronic nose is a directly applicable method that requires minimum sample pretreatment and no specific consumables or reagents and is able to provide rapid analysis [5]. This approach is not invasive and does not alter the product. E E-nose system consists of several components, such as specific hardware with sensors, electronics, pumps, air conditioner, flow controller, and dedicated software for hardware monitoring, data preprocessing, and statistical analysis Such characteristics make the E-nose a device able to mimic the human olfactory perception and to provide a digital odour print of the sample, which can be processed by appropriate statistical software. An E-nose gas sensor array shows sensitivity toward certain classes of compounds (volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) produced by the main spoilage organisms. e alteration in the pattern of VOCs is indicative of the degradation processes occurring in the products [5]
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