Abstract
BackgroundSemi-quantitative Gram stain and culture methods are still commonly used for diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), due to its convenience. Only a few studies, however, have assessed the reliability of these methods when compared with quantitative cultures, a current standard for the diagnosis of VAP. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of semi-quantitative scores obtained using Gram stains and cultures of endotracheal aspirates when compared with quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of VAP.MethodsA retrospective chart review of mechanically ventilated patients with clinically suspected VAP in a single intensive care unit was performed. Semi-quantitative scores of Gram stains or culture results were compared with quantitative culture results of endotracheal aspirate for the diagnosis of VAP in 136 samples for 51 patients.ResultsThe semi-quantitative scores of Gram stains and the semi-quantitative culture results significantly correlated with the log value of the quantitative culture results (rs = 0.64 and 0.75). When using a log count ≥6 of quantitative cultures as the reference standard for the diagnosis of VAP, the sensitivity and specificity was 95% and 61% for Gram stain score of ≥1+, and was 42% and 96% for Gram stain score ≥3+, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity was 96% and 40% for the semi-quantitative culture score of ≥2+, and was 59% and 86% for the semi-quantitative culture score of ≥3+, respectively.ConclusionsAbsence of bacteria in semi-quantitative Gram stain and poor growth (≤1+) in semi-quantitative culture method could be utilized to exclude the possibility of VAP, whereas detection of abundant (≥3+) bacteria in semi-quantitative Gram stain could be utilized to strongly suspect VAP.
Highlights
Semi-quantitative Gram stain and culture methods are still commonly used for diagnosing ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP), due to its convenience
We assessed whether the semi-quantitative scoring of Gram staining or semi-quantitative culture could be utilized as an alternative of quantitative culture for the diagnosis of VAP
In 79 specimens, the criteria for VAP according to the quantitative culture results were fulfilled
Summary
Semi-quantitative Gram stain and culture methods are still commonly used for diagnosing ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP), due to its convenience. A few studies have assessed the reliability of these methods when compared with quantitative cultures, a current standard for the diagnosis of VAP. The objective of this study was to assess the utility of semi-quantitative scores obtained using Gram stains and cultures of endotracheal aspirates when compared with quantitative cultures in the diagnosis of VAP. Semi-quantitative Gram stain and culture are subjective quantitative scoring methods of bacterial load in Gram stain sample or culture plate by microbiological technologist. We assessed whether the semi-quantitative scoring of Gram staining or semi-quantitative culture could be utilized as an alternative of quantitative culture for the diagnosis of VAP. The colony counts were calculated by the number of colonies visible on the agar plate in relation to the dilution and inoculation factors, and results were reported as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL)
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