Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition of the tissues supporting the teeth, which is widespread among the adult population. Evidence shows a relationship between PD and vitamin D levels, which is involved in the regulation of bone metabolism, mineral homeostasis, and inflammatory response. This study aimed to perform a simultaneous evaluation of inflammatory mediators and vitamin D levels in saliva in periodontopathic patients to better understand their role in periodontal disease. In this observational study, clinical periodontal parameter examination was performed for each patient. Moreover, the saliva levels of 25(OH)D3, TGFβ, IL-35, IL-17A, and MMP9 were evaluated using an ELISA assay. An increase in TGFβ, IL-35, MMP9, and IL-17A salivary levels and a reduction in 25(OH)D3 levels were observed in periodontopathic patients with respect to the healthy controls. The present study revealed significant positive correlation between cytokines and highly negative correlation between 25(OH)D3 and salivary cytokine levels. Further studies are needed to better understand if salivary cytokines and vitamin D evaluation may represent a new approach for detection and prevention of progressive diseases, such as PD.
Highlights
Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition affecting the periodontium, including the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, representing tooth-supporting structures
Taking into account that vitamin D3 modulates cytokines expression by acting in an autocrine/paracrine manner on human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament cells [25,26,27], which increases the differentiation of keratinocytes [28], the aim of this study was the evaluation of Th1- and Th17-related cytokines, along with transforming growth factor (TGF) β and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9, and 25(OH)D3 in periodontitis to understand their involvement in inflammatory reaction in the oral cavity
Periodontitis is a common form of oral pathology, defining a chronic inflammatory disorder with the destruction of tooth-supporting tissue and bone [29]
Summary
Periodontal disease (PD) is an inflammatory condition affecting the periodontium, including the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone, representing tooth-supporting structures. Even though many studies suggest a primary role for bacteria in the etiology of destructive periodontal disease [4], it is nowadays possible to assert that periodontitis is initiated by an unbalanced interaction between the oral microbial community and the host inflammatory response to the microbial challenges. Such dysregulated immune–inflammatory processes are responsible for the majority of host tissue destruction, leading to tooth loss [5]. Previous studies have shown strong correlation between vitamin D and oral health through its role in the inhibition of complex nod-like receptor leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation via vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling in bone metabolism, immune functions, and antimicrobial peptide production [12,13]
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