Abstract
Background: A balanced stimulation and action of T-helper type 2 (Th2) and type 1 (Th1) immune response is required for a successful embryo implantation and positive outcomes of pregnancy while specific pro-inflammatory cytokine levels either belong to Th1 or Th2 profile which may deteriorate the pregnancy causing miscarriage. Methods: This research study comprised two groups: Group I – pregnant women with a history of recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM, n = 50) and Group II – healthy pregnant controls (n = 50). Blood was collected, and serum was analyzed for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ using ELISA kit. Results: Th1 activity (IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) was higher in study Group I irrespective of whether continuing their pregnancy or aborting in comparison to Group II controls (P
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