Abstract
This paper reports on the electrical performance of two bloc-of-flats buildings located in Prague, Czech Republic. Measured data of electrical consumption were used to investigate the effect of photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) systems on the overlap between generation and demand. Different PV array configurations and battery storage capacities were considered. Detailed solar analysis was carried out to analyze the solar potential of the building and to assess the PV electricity production. The evaluation of the building performance was done through MATLAB simulations based on one-year monitored data. The simulation results were used for the calculation of the load matching indices: namely, the self-consumption and self-sufficiency. It was found that optimized array tilt and orientation angles can effectively contribute to a better adjustment between electricity demand and solar PV generation. The addition of a façade PV system increases significantly the PV generation and thus the load matching during winter months. Mismatch is further reduced by using the energy flexibility provided by the BESS. Depending on the PV size and BESS capacity, the self-consumption and the self-sufficiency of the building could increase from 55% to 100% and from 24% up to 68%, respectively.
Highlights
The sudden growth and expansion of cities have caused a substantial increase in the energy consumption and carbon emissions
The MATLAB® environment was used for the implementation of the PV and battery energy storage system (BESS) models, as well as the control strategy in order to simulate the electrical behavior of the building along the monitored campaign ranging from October 2018 to September 2019
The results obtained from the simulations are given in terms of monthly values corresponding the PV power becomes higher than the load and the state of charge (SOC) of the battery is below its maximum limit, to energy consumption, PV energy generation, excess of energy sent to the grid, and the total energy the load is supplied from the PV; the excess of energy will charge the BESS
Summary
The sudden growth and expansion of cities have caused a substantial increase in the energy consumption and carbon emissions. There is a major transformation taking place through national building codes, roadmaps, and plans for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) [2]. Buildings need to be energy efficient and fully utilize renewable energy to supply the remaining low demand [3]. From this perspective, photovoltaics (PVs) could be the main technology to generate on-site electricity, satisfying part of buildings’ demand and to achieve net or nearly zero energy target. Generated electricity can be consumed instantly on-site or exported to the grid (net metering scheme). Termination of the feed-in tariffs in many countries turned the attention of the researchers and PV system owners toward the self-consumption of on-site PV generated electricity [4]
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