Abstract
Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) is a non-motile, rod shape, clinically significant, Gram-negative bacterium. It is commonly associated with dysentery (shigellosis). Recently, resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been reported in S. sonnei. In the present study, we assessed the effect of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristic of S. sonnei (ATCC 9290). The lyophilized samples of S. sonnei were divided in three groups (G): G-I (control, revived), G-II (treatment, revived), and G-III (treatment, lyophilized). All these groups (control and biofield treated) were analyzed against antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions, and biotype number. The 16S rDNA sequencing was carried out to establish the phylogenetic relationship of S. sonnei with different bacterial species. The treated cells of S. sonnei exhibited an alteration of 3.33%, 10%, and 23.33% of total 30 tested antimicrobials in susceptibility assay for G-II on day 5 and 10 and G-III on day 10, respectively as compared to control. The treated cells of S. sonnei showed a significant change of about 12.12%, 12.12%, and 57.58% biochemical reactions out of 33 tests in treated groups of G-II on day 5 and 10 and G-III on day 10, respectively. The biotype number was also changed in treated samples of S. sonnei. Based on nucleotide homology sequences and phylogenetic analysis, the nearest homolog species of S. sonnei (GenBank Accession Number: EU009190) was identified as Shigella flexneri (EF643608). These results revealed that biofield treatment can prevent the absolute resistance in microbe against the existing antimicrobials.
Highlights
Development of antimicrobial resistance in several microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or in parasites has been reported globally in the recent few decades
Based on the knowledge of existing literatures and considering the clinical significance of S. sonnei, we evaluated to see the impact of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility, biochemical reactions pattern, biotype number, and 16S rDNA gene sequencing of the microbe
The result showed that the biofield treated S. sonnei exhibited a significant alteration in susceptibility assay of about 3.33% (G-II on day 5), 10% (G-II on day 10), and 23.33% (G-III on day 10) of total tested antimicrobials
Summary
Development of antimicrobial resistance in several microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or in parasites has been reported globally in the recent few decades. The S. sonnei has been acquired resistant to commonly used antimicrobials like streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and ampicillin. The multidrug therapy required to treat the infection cause by resistant strain of microbes. Due to associated side effects and failure of drug therapy, an alternate treatment approach is required. An alternate treatment known as biofield energy is reported that inhibits the growth of bacterial cultures [7]. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment [11]. The biofield treatment has considerably altered the phenotype and biotype of the microbe and subsequently, the susceptibility to antimicrobials was changed [2325]
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