Abstract

Current eradication strategies of tuberculosis (TB) in goats mainly rely on the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) and single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin tests (SICCTs). TB vaccination has been proposed as a cost-effective option in high-prevalence herds or countries where economic compensation for the slaughter of positive animals is not affordable. However, TB vaccination compromises the efficiency of tuberculin-based diagnostic tests. In this study, the performance of a new diagnostic platform, based on the P22 antigenic complex, was assessed for skin test (ST), interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), and serology under different TB scenarios. The sensitivity (Se) of diagnostic tests was assessed in TB-infected goats from the same farm (herd A, N = 77). The specificity (Sp) was assessed in two TB-negative farms (both vaccinated against paratuberculosis): one TB unvaccinated (herd B, N = 77) and another vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (herd C, N = 68). The single (s) P22-IGRA showed the highest Se among IGRA tests (91%), and the comparative (c) P22-ST showed the highest Sp (100% in herd B and 98% in herd C). Combined interpretation of techniques enabled the best diagnostic performances. Combining the SICCT + sP22-IGRA improved Se (97%) compared to SICCT + tuberculin-based IGRA (95%), with a reduction of Sp (95 and 100%, respectively). Besides, combination of P22-ELISA with cP22-ST or SICCT elicited a similar performance in the non-vaccination context (Se: 94 and 95%; Sp: 95 and 95%, respectively), but Sp was significantly higher for the combination with cP22-ST compared to SICCT in the TB vaccination context (95 and 79%, respectively). The combination of serological tests based on P22 and MPB83 showed higher complementarity and improved 13 percentage points the Se of P22-ELISA alone. These findings suggest that either cell-mediated or antibody-based diagnostic techniques, using the P22 antigen complex, can contribute to improve the immunodiagnostics of TB in goats under different TB control strategies.

Highlights

  • Tuberculosis (TB) in goats is a chronic infectious disease, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae, members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC)

  • The P22 antigenic complex has been evaluated for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) tests in different species: cattle goat, sheep, pigs, and wild boar [24,25,26,27], red deer [28], badgers [29], and alpacas and llamas [30]

  • The performance of the P22 antigenic complex for diagnostic tests based on cell-mediated immunity (CMI), namely, skin test (ST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), was evaluated for the first time in goats

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Summary

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) in goats is a chronic infectious disease, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae, members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). This disease entails important economic costs for livestock industries [1] and could be a source of TB for cattle [2], other domestic animals [3, 4], wildlife [5], and humans [6]. The high TB burden in goats could explain a number of new bovine TB breakdowns, hampering the goal of TB eradication in cattle [7]. In goats under certain epidemiological contexts, those diagnostic tests have some drawbacks in terms of sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) [8, 11]

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