Abstract
Abstract. The Mediterranean Sea is characterized by a relatively strong west to east salinity gradient, which makes it an area suitable for testing the effect of salinity on foraminiferal shell geochemistry. We collected living specimens of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber albus to analyse the relation between element ∕ Ca ratios, stable oxygen isotopes of their shells, and surface seawater salinity, isotopic composition and temperature. The oxygen isotopes of sea surface water also correlate with salinity in the Mediterranean during winter, which is when sampling for this study took place. Seawater oxygen and hydrogen isotopes are positively correlated in both the eastern and western Mediterranean Sea, although the relationship differs from previously reported values, especially in the eastern region. The slope between salinity and seawater oxygen isotopes is lower than previously published results. Still, despite the rather modest slope, seawater and foraminiferal carbonate oxygen isotopes are correlated in our dataset, albeit with large residuals and high residual variability. This scatter could be due to either biological variability in vital effects or environmental variability. Numerical models backtracking particles show that ocean-current-driven mixing of particles of different origins might dampen sensitivity and could result in an offset caused by horizontal transport. Results show that Na ∕ Ca is positively correlated with salinity and independent of temperature. As expected, foraminiferal Mg ∕ Ca increases with temperature, which is in line with earlier calibrations, and in the high salinity environment. By using living foraminifera during winter, the previously established Mg ∕ Ca–temperature calibration is extended to temperatures below 18 ∘C, which is a fundamental prerequisite of using single foraminifera for reconstructing past seasonality.
Highlights
Ocean circulation plays an important role in the Earth’s climate, as it redistributes heat and impacts global biogeochemical cycles
Using samples collected in winter, we extend the calibration of Mg / Ca to seawater temperature for G. ruber albus towards its lower temperature tolerance limits (14 ◦C; Bijma et al, 1990), which is essential for the application of this species in past seasonality reconstructions
Measured seawater δD values show a range from 2.83 ‰ to 9.46 ‰ VSMOW in the western Mediterranean Sea and from 5.98 ‰ to 11.15 ‰ VSMOW in the east
Summary
Ocean circulation plays an important role in the Earth’s climate, as it redistributes heat and impacts global biogeochemical cycles. Seawater temperature and salinity are key parameters for reconstructing ocean circulation, as together they determine seawater density and, in turn, large-scale circulation patterns, including a substantial part of the meridional overturning circulation. Reconstruction of past ocean environments largely relies on so-called proxy calibrations in which a variable that can be measured in the geological record is related to a target environmental parameter. The incorporation of trace metals in foraminiferal shell carbonate, for example, is a popular tool used to reconstruct past ocean parameters. The incorporation of Mg (often expressed as the calcite’s Mg / Ca) increases exponentially with seawater temperature, as first observed in culture studies (Nürnberg et al, 1996) and later confirmed by field calibrations (Anand et al, 2003). Salinity and inorganic carbon chemistry affect Mg / Ca in some species of Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union
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