Evaluation of Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Highly Porous Polycaprolactone Scaffold Reinforced With Layered Double Hydroxides Nanoclay.

Seyedeh Elnaz Enderami,Seyedeh Sara Shafiei,Abolfazl Rostamian Tabari,Seyed Ehsan Enderami,Mehdi Shamsara

doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.805969

Abstract

In recent decades, bone tissue engineering has had an effective role in introducing orthopedic implants. In this regard, polymeric scaffolds reinforced with bioactive nanomaterials can offer great potential in tissue engineering implants for replacing bone loss in patients. In this study, the thermally induced phase separation method was used to fabricate three-dimensional highly porous scaffolds made of layered double hydroxide (LDH)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposites with varied LDH contents ranging from 0.1 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The Phase identification, morphology, and elemental composition were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. Interconnected pores ranging from 5 to 150 µm were detected in all samples. The results revealed that the inclusion of LDH to PCL scaffold reinforced mechanical strength and compressive modulus increased from 0.6418 to 1.3251 for the pure PCL and PCL + LDH (1 Wt.%) scaffolds, respectively. Also, thermal stability, degradation rate, and biomineralization especially in comparison with the pure PCL were enhanced. Adhesion, viability, and proliferation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) seeded on PCL + LDH scaffolds were improved as compared to the pure PCL. Furthermore, the addition of LDH resulted in the increased mineral deposition as well as expression of ALP and RUNX2 osteogenic genes in terms of differentiation. All in all, our findings revealed that PCL + LDH (1 Wt.%) scaffold might be an ideal choice for 3D scaffold design in bone tissue engineering approaches.

Highlights

In the world, more than millions of people have been injured because of diseases, accidents, senility, and lesions, and a bone injury could not be repaired by itself (Black et al, 2015)
When compared to PCL scaffolds separately, our findings show that adding layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoclay to PCL maintained and improved the osteogenic differentiation of seeded human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs)
According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs, the micropores were in the size range from 5 to 150 μm, which were appropriate for cell adhesion and proliferation

Summary

Introduction

More than millions of people have been injured because of diseases, accidents, senility, and lesions, and a bone injury could not be repaired by itself (Black et al, 2015). The essential parts of tissue engineering are scaffold structure, stem cells, and signaling factors. TIPS method provides a scaffold with high porosity (>90%) and interconnected pore structure under low temperature. Scaffolds should be biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive with adequate mechanical and thermal properties (Guarino and Ambrosio, 2010). Polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the profitable and applied polymers with FDA approval and has been used in scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering applications. In addition to enhancing bioactivity, cell attachment, viability, and differentiation, the addition of LDH to the highly porous PCL could compensate for the decrease in the mechanical stability because of the presence of high porosity (>90%) produced by the TIPS method. To the best of our knowledge, the study of highly porous PCL/LDH nanocomposites fabricated by the TIPS method has not been studied so far

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