Abstract
Radiation enteritis—clinically manifested as diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and so on—is frequently caused when the body is exposed to radiation or radiotherapy because the intestine is radiation-sensitive as an abdominal organ. Therefore, strategies to modulate intestinal hemostasis had inspired an important research trend in the process of preventing and treating radiation enteritis. Based on the structural characteristics of montmorillonite (MMT) and the hemostatic drug tranexamic acid (TXA) which was used clinically to treat enteritis, the tranexamic acid-montmorillonite composite material (TXA-MMT) was prepared through intercalation composite technology. According to the analysis of FTIR, XRD, TG-DTG, SEM, and XRF, the prepared TXA-MMT was verified that tranexamic acid could intercalate into layers of montmorillonite. To evaluate the biocompatibility, two experiments were conducted by in vitro hemolysis and in vitro cytotoxicity experiments and results showed that TXA-MMT exhibited good visible biocompatibility. Activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and in vitro clotting time were adopted to determine the hemostatic effect of TXA-MMT. Compared with other groups, TXA-MMT revealed a significant decrease in clotting time variations, APTT, and PT. In addition, to investigate the preventive effect of TXA-MMT by the intervention of radiation enteritis mice, inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the content of endotoxin in the serum of mice were detected. It demonstrated that TXA-MMT reduced the levels of these factors. Besides, the expression and the pathological changes of the small intestine tissue of mice were relieved. Our findings suggests that TXA-MMT as a promising intercalation composite has a great potential for application in the field of intestinal hemostasis.
Highlights
With the aggravation of aging, environment, and other factors, the incidence of malignant tumors among human populations is growing in intensity
Pharmaceutical-grade montmorillonite was purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. and tranexamic acid (TXA) (99%) was obtained from Beijing Ballingway Technology Co., Ltd.; nitric acid, isopropanol, and phenol were analytical grade and purchased from China Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.; PBS and DMEM were obtained from American Sigma Company; fetal bovine serum and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Thermo Co., Ltd.; and MTT were obtained from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd
According to the analysis of Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), TG-DTG, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), the new prepared tranexamic acid-montmorillonite composite material (TXA-MMT) verified that tranexamic acid could intercalate into layers of montmorillonite
Summary
With the aggravation of aging, environment, and other factors, the incidence of malignant tumors among human populations is growing in intensity. As one of the effective methods of tumor treatment, radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of comprehensive, complex abdominal and pelvic malignant tumors. The treatment by radiotherapy has improved the rate of local tumor control and patient quality of life. Radiation enteritis (RE)—principally intestinal injury caused by abdominal or pelvic malignant tumor radiation after radiotherapy [1]—is a characteristic toxic reaction and a common complication of radiotherapy. With the wide application of radiotherapy technology [2], the radiation enteritis is increasing in numbers every year. Studies have shown that intestinal epithelial cells are radiation-sensitive. People exposed to more than a dose of 10 Gy will suffer from severe
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