Abstract
Surfactants have been successfully used for enhanced or improved oil recovery in reservoirs having mild conditions (low temperature, low salinity). Reservoirs having harsh conditions, however, offer unique challenges in that most surfactants precipitate and chemically degrade due to a combined effect of high temperature and hardness salinity. Industry’s efforts are continuing to develop or formulate surfactants for oil recovery applications to high temperature and salinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate several modified anionic surfactants/formulations that were claimed to be able to overcome the unfavorably high-salinity brine (sea water) and high temperature and to understand the impact of high temperature to surfactant adsorption. A series of experiments were conducted to characterize and quantify the effects of aging time in high temperature (106 °C) and seawater salinity (32,000 ppm with 1600 hardness) on surfactant performance. Results for both sulfate- and sulfonate-based surfactants were deemed not to be satisfactory. Sulfate-based surfactants encountered hydrolysis problem at high temperature, whereas sulfonate-based surfactants precipitated in the presence of divalent ions. This study then focused on alkyl ether carboxylate (AEC) as the main surfactant, and blends of AEC with alkyl polyglucoside (APG). To find the optimum conditions, phase behavior tests were performed with a fixed seawater salinity but with different blending ratios of surfactant and co-surfactant, as well as overall surfactant concentrations, similar to the salinity scan. Type III microemulsion was observed for both surfactant solutions of AEC and AEC–APG blend with IFT of 10−3 mN/m (millinewton/meter). Surfactant adsorption resulted in lower adsorption in the high-temperature region. The results of this project are urgently needed by the industry for future screening in order to find suitable surfactants for applying to reservoirs with harsh conditions. The study also intends to provide an understanding of adsorption relationship to high temperature, as a guideline in addressing surfactant losses due to adsorption at high-temperature field application.
Highlights
Surfactants are widely used and have a very large number of applications, especially in the petroleum industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process because of their ability to influence the properties of the rock surface and oil–water interface (Puerto et al 2012; Lu et al 2014; Hesham et al.2018)
Surfactants that were used in this study are alkyl ether carboxylate (AEC) and alkyl polyglucoside (APG)
Interfacial tension (IFT) test was used for further screening of the selected potential surfactant formulations which were previously selected based on their good compatibility with the sea water brine and having Type III and Type I from phase behavior test previously done
Summary
Surfactants are widely used and have a very large number of applications, especially in the petroleum industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process because of their ability to influence the properties of the rock surface and oil–water interface (Puerto et al 2012; Lu et al 2014; Hesham et al.2018). Surfactant is a surface acting agent, and they can adsorb at a surface of the fluid–fluid interface to alter the surface properties significantly, reducing the surface tension and interfacial tension (Hocine et al 2016). Surfactant is classified depending on the nature of the hydrophilic part. These classes are anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and non-ionic (Sheng 2011)
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