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Abstract
Since the public awareness for climate change has risen, increasing scientific effort has been made to find and develop alternative resources and production processes to reduce the dependency on petrol-based fuels and chemicals of our society. Among others, the biotechnological fuel production, as for example fermenting sugar-rich crops to ethanol, is one of the main strategies. For this purpose, various classical production systems like Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used and have been optimized via genetic modifications. Despite the progress made, this strategy competes for nutritional resources and agricultural land. To overcome this problem, various attempts were made for direct photosynthetic driven ethanol synthesis with different microalgal species including cyanobacteria. However, compared to existing platforms, the development of cyanobacteria as photoautotrophic cell factories has just started, and accordingly, the ethanol yield of established production systems is still unreached. This is mainly attributed to low ethanol tolerance levels of cyanobacteria and there is still potential for optimizing the cyanobacteria towards alternative gene expression systems. Meanwhile, several improvements were made by establishing new toolboxes for synthetic biology offering new possibilities for advanced genetic modifications of cyanobacteria. Here, current achievements and innovations of those new molecular tools are discussed.
Highlights
In the 18th century, the industrialization and with it the consumption of fossil fuels started
Compared to existing platforms, the development of cyanobacteria as photoautotrophic cell factories has just started, and the ethanol yield of established production systems is still unreached. This is mainly attributed to low ethanol tolerance levels of cyanobacteria and there is still potential for optimizing the cyanobacteria towards alternative gene expression systems
Several improvements were made by establishing new toolboxes for synthetic biology offering new possibilities for advanced genetic modifications of cyanobacteria
Summary
In the 18th century, the industrialization and with it the consumption of fossil fuels started. Food crops like corn, sugarcane, soybean, wheat, rapeseed and palm were used for their production As all of these first generation feedstocks are based on food, they compete with the nutritional demands of the increasing population. The second generation feedstocks include non-edible resources, like lignocellulosic plants such as cereal straw, forest residues and vegetative grasses They serve as substrates for ethanol producers such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Zymomonas mobilis. The direct photosynthetic driven ethanol production would combine the general advantages of a more ecological biofuel production process without need of a fermentation feedstock, cultivated on valuable arable land. For a cost-efficient production, further improvement of cultivation techniques, like the design of highly efficient photobioreactors, has to be done Synechocystis, it will be evaluated in more detail and compared to existing production systems. The previously used toolkits, their application for bioethanol production as well as further potential improvements will be summarized and discussed
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