Evaluation of Neuroendocrine Dysfunction Following Acute Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Abstract

Background and Aim: In the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), endocrine dysfunction is infrequently considered. Pituitary (neuroendocrine) dysfunction is highly prevalent after aSAH, leading to residual symptoms such as decreased cognition and quality of life. Although hypopituitarism following SAH may present with non-specific subtle symptoms, it can lead to potentially serious consequences if left undiagnosed. Methods and Materials/Patients: This study was performed to observe the incidence and pattern of neuroendocrine alterations in cases of acute aSAH. A total of 25 patients with acute SAH within 7 days of ictus were included in this prospective study, and an endocrine assessment was performed. The pituitary axes were evaluated for possible dysfunctions, including somatotropic, gonadotropic, corticotropic, and thyrotropic axes. Results: A total of 25 SAH cases (10 males and 15 females; mean age 55.24 years) were included in the study. Aneurysms were more commonly found in the anterior circulation (n=22) than in the posterior circulation (n=3). Most of the patients presented with the Hunt-Hess grade of 1, followed by grades 3, 2, and 4, respectively. Growth hormone deficiency (48%) was the most common pituitary dysfunction, followed by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (24%), gonadotropins (FSH/LH) (24%), and thyroid stimulating hormone (16%) deficiencies, respectively. Single pituitary axis neuroendocrine dysfunction was noted in 9 patients (36%) and multiple pituitary axes dysfunction was observed in 8 patients (32%). Overall, 17 patients (68%) had neuroendocrine dysfunction in single or multiple pituitary hormone axes. Conclusion: Neuroendocrine dysfunction in acute aSAH is 68%. Accordingly, 32% of the participants had single-axis pituitary dysfunction and 36% had multiple axes pituitary dysfunction. The most common endocrine dysfunction is growth hormone deficiency (48%), followed by adrenocorticotrophic hormone, gonadotropins (LH & FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone. Therefore, it is suggested to include hormonal evaluation in the management of acute SAH for better clinical outcomes.