Evaluation of Nano-Porous Alumina Membranes for Hemodialysis Application

Abstract

Globally, kidney failure has consistently been a major health problem. The number of patients suffering from kidney failure is radically increasing. Some studies forecast an exponential growth in the number of kidney failure patients during the coming years. This emphasizes the importance of hemodialysis (HD) membranes. Current dialysis membranes (cellulose based and synthetic polymer membranes) have irregular pore shapes and sizes, nonuniform pore distribution and limited reusable capability, which leads to low efficiency of toxin removal. New alumina membranes with uniform, controllable and well-structured nanoscale pores, channeled pores aligned perpendicular to the membrane plane, high porosity, high thermal and chemical resistance, and better mechanical properties are certainly preferable to currently used membranes. Determination of transport properties of alumina membranes will assist in the development of the alumina membranes for enhancing hemodialysis. Experiments were performed to evaluate hydraulic permeability, solute diffusive permeability, sieving coefficient, and clearance of four solutes (urea, creatinine, Vancomycin, and inulin) for alumina membrane. Based on comparison of these values against those of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes, transport performance of alumina membrane was determined. Hydraulic conductivity of the alumina membrane was approximately twice that of the PES membrane and inulin sieving coefficient for alumina membrane is approximately 21% higher than that for PES membrane. Alumina membrane has higher solute clearances and no albumin leakage, which makes it an effective replacement for current dialysis membranes.