Abstract
Satellite remote sensing data can produce global environmental data and is easily accessible and widely used by the scientific and non-scientific community. However, to use satellite data, it is important to know its limitations and how it validates against in situ measurements for the different regions. Here, field measurements of chlorophyll-a concentration and euphotic depth within the Great Australian Bight, Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf were used to validate ocean colour products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite. The field data include in situ and in vivo chlorophyll-a concentration, which were compared against MODIS chlorophyll-a products derived from three algorithms (OC3M, Carder, and Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM)), as well as euphotic depth measurements derived from photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) profiles, which were compared against two MODIS euphotic depth products (derived semi-analytically and from surface chlorophyll-a). The OC3M product performed well in open waters, with errors below the 35% NASA accepted limit, but it overestimated chlorophyll-a values in shallow (<50 m) waters. The GSM product produced the lowest errors, but also showed a smaller dynamic range, while the Carder product produced higher errors than GSM and it also showed small dynamic range. The relationships between the MODIS and in situ euphotic depth were robust, with errors lower than 20%. MODIS products showed weaker or no significant relationships to in situ measurements in the Eastern Great Australian Bight. This is thought to be due to the summertime subsurface upwelling pool that is characteristic of the area. Based on these results, the OC3M product provides the most reliable estimates of chlorophyll-a, and is recommended for further applications of MODIS imagery, if the limitations in shallow waters are taken into account. Alternatively, the GSM product could be a better option if the algorithm were locally adjusted. Changes in the sampling methodology to improve the algorithms are discussed. Derived euphotic depth products can be used with confidence in applying MODIS products for monitoring water clarity, ecosystem health or primary productivity in the region.
Highlights
Satellite systems are able to obtain global environmental data with great temporal coverage, and have provided important insights into marine ecosystem dynamics [1] [2] [3] [4]
Field measurements of chlorophyll-a concentration and euphotic depth within the Great Australian Bight, Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf were used to validate ocean colour products derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua satellite
The field data include in situ and in vivo chlorophyll-a concentration, which were compared against MODIS chlorophyll-a products derived from three algorithms (OC3M, Carder, and Garver-Siegel-Maritorena (GSM)), as well as euphotic depth measurements derived from photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) profiles, which were compared against two MODIS euphotic depth products
Summary
Satellite systems are able to obtain global environmental data with great temporal coverage, and have provided important insights into marine ecosystem dynamics [1] [2] [3] [4]. Phytoplankton is the main optically active component of open marine waters, where changes in the optical properties are directly related to the chl. These waters are known as Case 1 waters [12] [13]. In coastal waters, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and suspended inorganic matter, together with bottom reflectance, can contribute significantly to changes in optical properties. In these cases, the different optically active constituents need to be characterized to accurately estimate the chl [14] [15]. These waters are known as Case 2 waters [16] [17]
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