Abstract
Petroleum reservoir operations such as oil and gas production, hydraulic fracturing, and water injection induce considerable stress changes that at some point result in rock failure and emanation of seismic energy. Such seismic energy could be large enough to be felt in the neighborhood of the oil fields, therefore many issues are recently raised regarding its environmental impact. In this research we analyze the magnitudes of microseismicity induced by stimulation of unconventional reservoirs at various basins in the United States and Canada that monitored the microseismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing operations. In addition, the relationship between microseismic magnitude and both depth and injection parameters is examined to delineate the possible framework that controls the system. Generally, microseismicity of typical hydraulic fracturing and injection operations is relatively similar in the majority of basins under investigation and the overall associating seismic energy is not strong enough to be the important factor to jeopardize near surface groundwater resources. Furthermore, these events are less energetic compared to the moderately active tectonic zones through the world and usually do not extend over a long period at considerably deep parts. However, the huge volume of the treatment fluids and improper casing cementing operation seem to be primary sources for contaminating near surface water resources.
Highlights
Due to the increasing demands on the traditional oil and gas resources, hydraulic fracturing became an important technology applied for enhancing production from hydrocarbon reservoirs, the unconventional ones
Since microseismic records represent a graphical demonstration to stress decay, fracture geometry and growth behavior can be identified using standard earthquake seismology principles [13] [20]
Based on the estimated microseismic magnitudes calculated by Brune’s method [21] described earlier (Equations (2) to (7)), a plot of these values versus depth was constructed for Barnett Shale reservoir (Figure 3, data from Reference [1])
Summary
Due to the increasing demands on the traditional oil and gas resources, hydraulic fracturing became an important technology applied for enhancing production from hydrocarbon reservoirs, the unconventional ones. The conjugated practices of horizontal wells with multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have increased the well productivity dramatically, and lead to enormous increase in hydraulic fracturing. Microseismic monitoring is a new technology that typically targets the impulsive, energetic acoustic emissions to map fracture growth during hydraulic fracking stimulations. Other applications utilize these emanations to monitor the slow creeping processes within the reservoir over long period due to production operations [2]. The analysis of the recorded microseismic data is typically useful in locating the induced fracture system [3], monitoring the geomechanical deformation [4], mapping fracture growth [5], and calculating the stimulated reservoir volume [6] by the stimulation operations
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