Abstract
Urban runoff is a diffuse source of pollution contributing to the poor ecological and chemical status of surface waters. Whilst the EU Priority Hazardous Substances Directive now identifies environmental quality standards for selected metals in relation to the bioavailable metal fraction the relationship between analytically determined metal size fractions transported by urban runoff and the often variably defined concept of bioavailability has not been thoroughly evaluated. This paper provides a review of the terminology used within urban runoff studies to characterise metal fractions and behaviour. Measured dissolved and truly dissolved (determined by ultrafiltration; <3000 molecular weight cutoff) Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations are also compared to the bioavailable metal fraction (as predicted using Bio-met, a simplified biotic ligand model) in snowmelt and rainfall derived runoff samples from three urban catchments. The study shows that predicted bioavailable concentrations were significantly lower than truly dissolved concentrations for all metals and discusses current bioavailability modelling parameters in relation to rainfall and snowmelt runoff data sets. Statistical analysis of relationships between field and predicted bioavailable data sets indicate that the bioavailable fractions originate from both colloidal and truly dissolved fractions.
Highlights
A review of the state of Europe’s waters (EEA, 2018) reported that approximately 60% of surface waters have yet to achieve either good ecological or chemical status
Whilst studies have identified metals transported in stormwater runoff as the source of toxicity in several species (Crabtree et al, 2009; Mayer et al, 2011), runoff discharges identified as exceeding metals environmental quality standards (EQS) are not consistently associated with poorer ecological status (EEA, 2018)
Several studies have supplemented the traditional approach of reporting total, particulate and dissolved metal concentration with, for example, the use of ultrafiltration techniques
Summary
A review of the state of Europe’s waters (EEA, 2018) reported that approximately 60% of surface waters have yet to achieve either good ecological or chemical status. Whilst there are studies where the ecology of surface waters downstream of urban discharge sites does not significantly differ from those upstream of the discharge point Whilst studies have identified metals transported in stormwater runoff as the source of toxicity in several species (Crabtree et al, 2009; Mayer et al, 2011), runoff discharges identified as exceeding metals environmental quality standards (EQS) are not consistently associated with poorer ecological status (EEA, 2018)
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