Abstract
This research paper analyses the use of four electric vehicles, two motorcycles (EM) and two small low powered electric vehicles (EV) in an urban environment with demanding topography and driving profile. The vehicles were compared with conventional technologies using a methodology that was developed to estimate its drive cycle (EV-DC) as well as the corresponding energy consumption, in a life-cycle approach. This methodology uses real-world driving cycles as input performed with conventional vehicles, in this case, on representative routes in Lisbon, and estimates the impacts on the driving cycle considering that an electric vehicle was used. The deviation between the original and the estimated driving cycles for electric vehicles was quantified considering the power and speed limitations of the electric vehicles and the average speed and trip time impacts were quantified. The results indicate up to 13% longer trip time for the vehicles and up to 25% longer trip time for motorcycles, resulting of reductions in average trip speed of up to 11 and 20% respectively. In terms of fuel efficiency, the electric technologies considered may reduce the Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) energy consumption in average 10 times for the vehicles and 4 times for the motorcycles. However, the reductions in a Well-to-Wheel (WTW) approach are reduced to a 5 times reduction in energy consumption for vehicles and a 2 times reduction for motorcycles. In all, this methodology corresponds to an innovative way oThis research paper analyses the use of four electric vehicles, two motorcycles (EM) and two small low powered electric vehicles (EV) in an urban environment with demanding topography and driving profile. The vehicles were compared with conventional technologies using a methodology that was developed to estimate its drive cycle (EV-DC) as well as the corresponding energy consumption, in a life-cycle approach. This methodology uses real-world driving cycles as input performed with conventional vehicles, in this case, on representative routes in Lisbon, and estimates the impacts on the driving cycle considering that an electric vehicle was used. The deviation between the original and the estimated driving cycles for electric vehicles was quantified considering the power and speed limitations of the electric vehicles and the average speed and trip time impacts were quantified. The results indicate up to 13% longer trip time for the vehicles and up to 25% longer trip time for motorcycles, resulting of reductions in average trip speed of up to 11 and 20% respectively. In terms of fuel efficiency, the electric technologies considered may reduce the Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) energy consumption in average 10 times for the vehicles and 4 times for the motorcycles. However, the reductions in a Well-to-Wheel (WTW) approach are reduced to a 5 times reduction in energy consumption for vehicles and a 2 times reduction for motorcycles. In all, this methodology corresponds to an innovative way of understanding how low-powered electric technologies, both vehicles and motorcycles, would perform in specific applications to replace conventional technologies, both in terms of trips statistics and of energy and environmental performance.f understanding how low-powered electric technologies, both vehicles and motorcycles, would perform in specific applications to replace conventional technologies, both in terms of trips statistics and of energy and environmental performance.
Highlights
The transportation sector faces increasingly demanding energy consumption and emissions standards representing 33% of the final energy consumption, with the road transportation sector being responsible in 2011 for 82% of that energy consumption [1]
Low power electric vehicles may be more attractive to the market due to its lower purchase costs
The results indicate that for the more demanding route the low-powered electric vehicle would lead to a reduction in average speed of up to 11%, increasing the trip time in 13%
Summary
The transportation sector faces increasingly demanding energy consumption and emissions standards representing 33% of the final energy consumption, with the road transportation sector being responsible in 2011 for 82% of that energy consumption [1]. In the Portuguese context, the Government has promoted in the past the deployment of a public recharging infrastructure, with 1300 slow public recharging points and 50 fast public recharging points This strategy, together with the incorporation of high levels of renewable energy in its electricity generation mix, envisioned to strategically develop specific industries in Portugal such as wind power turbines, solar panel, battery production, etc. An on-road characterization of small low-powered electric vehicles (EV) and motorcycles (EM) was performed This methodology allows evaluating if these alternative electric technologies can, in an urban driving environment, fully replace, in terms of driving profile, the conventional technologies and assess their energy and global pollutant emission performance, as well as travel time
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