Abstract
Global climate change originates frequent floods that may cause severe damage, justifying the need for real-time remote monitoring and alerting systems. Several works deal with LoRa (Long Range) communications over land and in the presence of obstacles, but little is known about LoRa communication reliability over water, as it may happen in real flooding scenarios. One aspect that is known to influence the communication quality is the height at which nodes are placed. However, its impact in water environments is unknown. This is an important aspect that may influence the location of sensor nodes and the network topology. To fill this gap, we conducted several experiments using a real LoRa deployment to evaluate several features related to data communication. We considered two deployment scenarios corresponding to countryside and estuary environments. The nodes were placed at low heights, communicating, respectively, over the ground and over the water. Measurements for packet loss, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and round-trip time (RTT) were collected during a period of several weeks. Results for both scenarios are presented and compared in this paper. One important conclusion is that the communication distance and reliability are significantly affected by tides when the communication is done over the water and nodes are placed at low heights. Based on the RTT measurements and on the characteristics of the hardware, we also derive a battery lifetime estimation model that may be helpful for the definition of an adequate maintenance plan.
Highlights
The rapid progress of the economy associated with a number of human activities is destroying the environment [1,2]
A scenario where a flat terrain is considered without the presence of water (Figure 5a); a scenario where the communication is done over the water surface (Figure 5b)
We presented an analysis of LoRa propagation characteristics in real environments under different antenna heights, node distances and, in the case of the estuary, considering different tidal water levels
Summary
The rapid progress of the economy associated with a number of human activities is destroying the environment [1,2]. Natural and human originated disasters are causing the global climate change, leading to infrastructural damages, economical crisis and distresses for the population. Flooding is one of the major disasters occurring in the world. Despite the existence of satellite images systems that allow forecasting rainfall, there is a need for real-time monitoring and alerting systems to constantly monitor flow, precipitation level and water level, to make a reasonable decision on the necessary actions to prevent flooding. Monitoring the water level in rivers, bays and the sea is an important problem that has increasingly attracted the attention of the research community
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