Abstract
This contribution describes the methodology applied to evaluate the suitability of a Long-Range Mobile Mapping System to be integrated with other techniques that are currently used in a large and complex landslide deformation monitoring project carried out in Cortes de Pallás, in Valencia (Spain). Periodical geodetic surveys provide a reference frame realized by 10 pillars and 15 additional check points placed in specific points of interest, all with millimetric accuracy. The combined use of Close-Range Photogrammetry provides a well-controlled 3D model with 1–3 cm accuracy, making the area ideal for testing new technologies. Since some zones of interest are usually obstructed by construction, trees, or lamp posts, a possible solution might be the supplementary use of dynamic scanning instruments with the mobile mapping solution Kaarta Stencil 2 to collect the missing data. However, the reliability of this technology has to be assessed and validated before being integrated into the existing 3D models in the well-controlled area of Cortes de Pallás. The results of the experiment show that the accuracy achieved are compatible with those obtained from Close-Range Photogrammetry and can also be safely used to supplement image-based information for monitoring with 3–8 cm overall accuracy.
Highlights
The evaluation of deformations in civil infrastructures or natural environments is normally assessed by the realization of very accurate three-dimensional (3D) models by means of a range of complementary geomatics techniques such as total stations, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), photogrammetry, or laser scanning [1]
Since a GNSS system was not integrated with Kaarta Stencil 2, the georeferencing of the point cloud could be realized in two ways: using the control points captured by the electronic distance meter (EDM) or aligning the
Since a GNSS system was not integrated with Kaarta Stencil 2, the georeferencing of the point cloud could be realized in two ways: using the control points captured by the EDM or aligning the point cloud to the Close-Range Photogrammetry (CRP) model, already georeferenced
Summary
The evaluation of deformations in civil infrastructures or natural environments is normally assessed by the realization of very accurate three-dimensional (3D) models by means of a range of complementary geomatics techniques such as total stations, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), photogrammetry, or laser scanning [1]. Where a topographic survey is based on limited distances (e.g., tens to hundreds of meters), it has historically been carried out with total stations Such method provides high accuracy and precision for the measurement of individual points, significant time is required to collect a sufficient density of data to produce rough landscape Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) [6]. The result of the survey consists of a 3D model where the combination of these techniques ensures a complete mapping of the site, avoiding the creation of gaps in the point clouds thanks to the compensation of one technique on the other and vice versa This 3D model provides a basis for the analysis of the rocky landslide deformation monitoring.
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