Evaluation of interleukin-9 serum level and gene polymorphism in a sample of Iraqi type 2 diabetic mellitus patients

Abstract

BackgroundDiabetic mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic disorder identified by hyperglycemia. The heterogeneous etiology includes defects either in insulin secretion, or in insulin action, or the both. In addition to the distraction in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Inflammatory reaction that caused by many pro-inflammatory cytokines play a central role in the pathogenicity of T2DM, these cytokines can enhance insulin resistance which led to impaired glucose homeostasis. SubjectsThe study included 75 patients (38 males and 37 females) suffering from T2DM with age mean ± SE 52.30 ± 1.60, and 70 individuals as healthy controls (35 males and 35 females) with age mean ± SE 48.88 ± 0.64. Evaluation of immunological markers and genetic factors performed in both groups' subjects by using serum level (by using ELISA technique) and genotyping of cytokine (by using allele-specific PCR technique). The mean, standard error, and the probability calculated to determine the statistically significant differences in the parametric data. While Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability were used to calculate the statistically significant differences of the non-parametric data. In addition, the odd ratio and Fishers' exact probability of the genotyping and allele frequency were calculated using the WinPepi program version 11.65. While, Hardy-Weinberg online calculator was used to calculate the probability of genotyping and allele frequency. An online False discovery rate website was used to correct the p-value, the corrected p-value <0.05 was considered significant. ResultsThe present results showed that 41–51 years age group have the highest percentage between the others (34.55%), while the lowest percentage of age group was 3.6% of 20–30 years. Also, there was significant differences of Blood sugar and HbA1C levels in T2DM group compared to the healthy control group (203.95 ± 11.31 vs. 93.52 ± 1.41 mg/dl p = 3.44 × 10−15 and 7.96 ± 0.22 vs. 5.13 ± 0.03%, p = 1.11 × 10−21 respectively). In addition, the results revealed that the level of IL-9 was higher in T2DM group compared to the healthy subjects (770.78 ± 35.54 vs. 589.79 ± 30.18 pg/ml). Also, the genotyping frequencies' results demonstrated that the AA and AG genotyping was higher in T2DM group compared to healthy subjects (46.67 vs. 25.71, OR: 2.53, p: 0.01; 42.67 vs. 40.0, OR: 1.12, p: 0.866, respectively), while the GG genotyping frequency was significantly lower in T2DM compared to the healthy subjects (10.67 vs. 34.29, OR: 0.23, p: 6.6 × 10−4). ConclusionIL-9 has a role in the pathogenesis and the development of T2DM.