Abstract
AbstractRecognizing that elevated stream temperatures can harm aquatic organisms, regulatory agencies have begun to enforce thermal total daily maximum load (TMDL) limits on wastewater discharges. Infiltration discharge, where treated wastewater is allowed to infiltrate into the soil and then percolate toward the stream or river, represents a potential method for meeting temperature requirements and for supplementing flow. This study combines observed and simulated temperature data to assess the efficacy of using infiltration discharge to meet effluent temperature limits. Observational data collected during operation of a 0.15-ha pilot-scale infiltration discharge system revealed the pattern of groundwater heating beneath the site by the wastewater, with the largest temperature increases occurring near the infiltration point. Numerical simulations used to examine the long-term groundwater response to operation of a 5.5-ha large-scale infiltration wetland system confirmed this trend and demonstrated how mu...
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