Abstract
Climate change is upon us. The exponential use of fossil fuels for over two centuries is changing the world as we know it. An energy transition towards a greener world is needed and it may entail the decarbonization of several sectors, such as the passenger transport sector. This work aims to evaluate the role of four vehicle technologies, based on six vehicle penetration scenarios. This assessment is made using the comparison of three indicators for these scenarios, energy consumption, water consumption, and required infrastructural change. It was found that a pure battery-electric fleet would require the least amount of energy in 2050. There is also the issue with the loss of jobs in the sugar and alcohol sector, which can be reduced in this scenario of a battery electric vehicle fleet. The opportunities to maintain ethanol production as an energy vector in the transport sector are apparent.
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