Evaluation of hypopigmentation in embryonic zebrafish induced by emerging disinfection byproduct, 3, 5-di-I-tyrosylalanine

Abstract

Halogenated dipeptides, 3, 5-di-I-tyrosylalanine (DIYA), have been identified as novel disinfection byproducts (DBPs), following chloramination of authentic water. However, little is known about their toxicity. Zebrafish embryos were used to assess the toxicity of novel iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs). Although DIYA did not exhibit high acute toxicity to embryonic zebrafish (LC50 > 2 mM), it significantly inhibited pigmentation of melanophores and xanthophores on head, trunk and tail at 500 μM as determined by photographic analysis. Whereas N-phenylthiourea (PTU) as a pigment inhibitor did not inhibit development of yellow pigments. Colorimetric detection of melanin further confirmed these results. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) measurements indicated that genes (dct, slc24a5, tyr, tyrp1a, tyrp1b, silva) associated with the melanogenesis pathway were dramatically down-regulated following exposure to 500 μM DIYA. In addition, enzymatic activity of tyrosinase (TYR) decreased, also demonstrating that the underlying mechanism of hypopigmentation was attributed to the disruption of melanogenesis pathway. Transcription levels of xanthophore genes (gch2, bnc2, csf1a, csf1b, pax7a and pax7b) were also monitored by qRT-PCR assay. DIYA exposure up-regulated expression of gch2 and bnc2, but not csf1 and pax7. Tested DIYA analogues, brominated tyrosine was unlikely to inhibit pigmentation, indicating that the iodine substitution and dipeptides structure are of important structural feature for the inhibition of pigmentation. In this study, we observed that DIYA inhibited melanogenesis related genes, which might contribute to pigmentation defects. Moreover, as an emerging I-DBPs, the developmental toxicity of aromatic dipeptides should be further studied.