Evaluation of heavy metal phytoremediation potential of six tree species of Faisalabad city of Pakistan during summer and winter seasons

Abstract

Environmental pollution induced by heavy metals has been identified as a leading threat in the modern era. Woody tree species may play a crucial role in the removal of heavy metals from soil and air, thus minimizing pollution potential. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of six tree species; Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Conocarpus erectus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus alba, and Populus deltoids, respectively, in the industrial and residential areas of Faisalabad based on the concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in their leaves and barks in winter (2018) and summer (2019) seasons. The seasonal contents of heavy metals in both the leaves and barks of these trees decreased in the order of: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd at both study sites. The highest heavy metal contents were recorded in the leaves and barks of trees grown in the industrial areas as compared to residential areas, with leaves and barks having higher contents of heavy metals in the summer than winter. The tree species exhibited significantly different capacity for heavy metal accumulation, with the accumulation of Cd decreased in the order of: E. camaldulensis > M. alba > C. erectus > A. indica > P. deltoids > C. fistula, and while the order varied for different heavy metals. Overall, M. alba, E. camaldulensis and A. indica performed well in accumulating the targeted heavy metals from the ambient environment. Among the six tree species grown commonly in Faisalabad city, M. alba, E. camaldulensis, and A. indica are recommended for the industrial and residential areas due to their phytoremediation capacity for heavy metals.