Abstract
This study was made to find the ground water quality for samples of the town located in the southern most end of India. The study was carried out to evaluate the major ion chemistry, the factors controlling water composition, and suitability of water for both drinking and irrigation purposes. Totally, 21 ground water samples were collected randomly from bore wells and hand pumps throughout the Nagercoil town and its surroundings. The collected samples were analyzed for major ions and the analytical data were interpreted according to published guide lines. The spatial maps show that the concentration of the chemical constituent in ground water varies spatially and temporarily. Sodium is the most dominant cation with Cl− and HCO3− as the dominant anion. The abundant of the major is as follows: Na+ > Cl− > Mg2+ > K+ which is equal to HCO3− > Cl− > SO4. Only one-third of the samples best fit for both consumption and agricultural purposes. The spatial maps show high contamination along the southern region of the study area. Total hardness of the collected samples lies between 60 and 490 mg/l reveals that the 33 % groundwater samples exceeds the safe limit of 300 mg/l. Total dissolved solids (TDS) in the study area ranges between 67 and 2,086 mg/l with a mean value of 523 mg/l. High total hardness and TDS in few places identified that the ground water is unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. In these places, the aquifers are subject to contamination from sewage effluents and excess use of fertilizer and pesticides in agriculture. Such areas require adequate drainage and introduction of alternative salt tolerance cropping.
Highlights
Water is an essential input for the human existence, and for all developments
The groundwater geochemistry reveals that the present status of groundwater samples collected in the study area is better for drinking and irrigation purposes except few samples, which are crossing the allowable limits of World Health Organization (WHO) standards
Even though the majority of samples are within the permissible limits, few are crossing it and some are very close to the allowable limits which indicate there may be a deterioration of water quality in near future
Summary
Water is an essential input for the human existence, and for all developments. In several parts of the world, lots of studies have been already carried out to assess the geochemistry of ground water (Samira and Jurdi 2007; Siddiqui et al 2005; Belkhiri and Mouni 2012). In India, several studies were carried out on the groundwater and its quality. Jain (1996) carried a research on the hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality of Singhari river basin, district of Chattarpur which belongs to Madhya Pradesh State. Kaushik et al (2000) studies the groundwater quality of Ambala and Nilokheri Cities in Haryana. Sarath Prasanth et al (2012) evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in the coastal stretch of Alappuzha district in Kerala. In Tamilnadu, several researchers such as Ramesh et al (1995), Sreedevi
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