Abstract
In the present study, the groundwater quality for suitability in agriculture from Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand, has been evaluated. A total of 50 groundwater samples have been collected and analysed for pH, EC, TH, HCO3−, CO32−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3–, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+. To assess the groundwater quality for irrigation purpose, parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazards (MHs), permeability index (PI), and chloroalkaline index (CAI) values have been calculated. In USSL diagram, most of the groundwater samples fall in the C2S1 category and were safe for irrigation purpose. Only seven groundwater samples fall in the C3S1 category, indicating medium to high salinity which is safe for irrigation purpose for all types of soils but with limited care of exchangeable sodium. On the basis of RSC, all groundwater samples were observed to be suitable for irrigation purpose. Piper diagram indicated that 50% of the groundwater samples belonged to the Mg2+-Ca2+-HCO3− type and 48% was classified as the Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl− type. Durov diagram suggested possibilities of ion mixing and simple dissolution of ions from polluted soil.
Highlights
Groundwater plays an important role all over the world for the survival of both flora and fauna
Fifty groundwater samples were collected in premonsoon season in the year 2018 from different sites of Khatima, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Kashipur, Jaspur Kicha, and Sitarganj blocks of Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand (Table 1; Figure 1). e samples were collected in prewashed polyethylene narrow mouth bottles
All the groundwater samples belonged to the safe limit for irrigation purpose [29]
Summary
Groundwater plays an important role all over the world for the survival of both flora and fauna. India is one of the largest users of groundwater, for drinking and agriculture purposes [1] Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of Indian economy. The major sources of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose are hand pump and tub well. According to a national sample survey, 56% households get drinking water from hand pump or tube well, 14% from open well, and 25% based on piped water [2]. E groundwater quality assessment based on different agriculture indices has been studied in different parts of world [4, 5]. In Uttarakhand, irrigation water quality assessment has been done in Doon Valley [17], Nainital [18], Almora [19, 20], and Haridwar [21]
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