Abstract
While an area-wide implementation of electric vehicles (EVs) and electric heat pumps (HPs) will contribute to a decarbonization of the energy system, they represent new challenges for existing low-voltage (LV) power grids. Hence, this study investigates potential grid congestions on the basis of three contrasting load approaches applied to four different grid regions. Within the three load approaches, temporal characteristics of various grid customer classes (EVs, HPs, households etc.) are derived from highly resolved realistic load profiles. In accordance with classic grid planning, firstly a static load approach is analyzed by applying the modeled coincidence for each consumer class individually. Secondly, this static approach is modified by including combined coincidence factors, taking temporal consumer class interactions into account. Finally, both static load approaches are compared with detailed annual time series analyses by means of load flow simulations using real-life LV grid data. The evaluation of inadmissible voltage characteristics and thermal congestions identifies future grid extension needs depending on the considered grid region. In addition, the variation of the applied load approach highlights the need to consider consumer-specific temporal behavior. In fact, by neglecting temporal interactions between conventional and future grid customers, the classic grid planning approach overestimates future grid extension needs. To counteract an oversizing of future grid structures, this paper presents a combined consideration of EVs’ and HPs’ coincidence as well as resulting grid consequences on the LV level.
Highlights
In 2019, the European Commission announced its vision to achieve the EU’s climate neutrality by2050 [1]
This study deals with potential grid impacts caused by future grid customers by analyzing three varying load approaches and four different grid regions
This study provides an estimation of future grid expansion needs depending on the grid region, the applied load approach and the considered electric vehicles (EVs)- and heat pumps (HPs)-penetration (Section 3.2)
Summary
In 2019, the European Commission announced its vision to achieve the EU’s climate neutrality by2050 [1]. Considering the energy-related end user greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European. 90% reduction in traffic-related GHG emissions by 2050 as one cornerstone to reach this ambitious goal. The European Commission’s vision is supposed to be realized by increasing the residential sector’s energy efficiency [3], e.g., by an area-wide implementation of electric heat pumps (HPs) [5,6]. A large-scale transition to electric HPs could decrease the European residential sector’s GHG emissions by up to 30%, assuming a market share of 100% [7]. Besides positive aspects regarding the decarbonization of the traffic and residential sectors, these future technologies will confront the existing power system with new challenges [6]
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