Abstract
The reproductive status in abalone (Haliotis spp.) can be difficult to discern using traditional visual inspection methods and may therefore rely on lethal histological analyses for a definitive determination. With endangered species of abalone, lethal histological examinations are strictly prohibited due to their imperiled status. This research investigated the effectiveness of using non-invasive ultrasound technology as an alternate means of identifying the reproductive status of abalone rather than through invasive biopsies or lethal histological methods. Twelve abalone were randomly selected from cultured red abalone broodstock cohort (n = 200) produced at The Cultured Abalone Farm (Goleta, CA) to initially test these methods. Following initial gonad ultrasound determination, a subset of another cohort of 5 year-old (n = 62) red abalone produced at the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory were monitored using ultrasonography to detect seasonal changes in gonad size for 7 weeks. Following the 7-week assessment period, the full cohort of 5-year old abalone (n = 122) were then spawned and gonads were also evaluated using ultrasound technology before and immediately after spawning. Ultrasound imaging technology accurately differentiated between digestive and reproductive tissues, allowing for the characterization of an ultrasound gonad index score for rapid assessment. Mean gonad thickness determined via ultrasound imaging was categorized on a scale of 1–5, with an index of 1 being the lowest (gonad tissue thin or absent) and an index of 5 being the highest (gonad margin has increased and is compressing the digestive gland) for red abalone. Ultrasound imaging technology was successful in rendering a gonad index score that can be used to track gonad maturation over time in cultured or captive species. Tracking ultrasound gonad scores over time is a useful tool for improving abalone culture production, and increasing animal welfare by reducing handling stress associated with gonad assessments. Individual abalone that are empirically determined ready to be spawned can then be selected for broodstock. Non-invasive ultrasound technology has the potential for broad applications within abalone aquaculture to enhance both food and conservation aquaculture breeding programs.
Highlights
Gonad condition provides powerful reproductive information for conservation and production aquaculture programs
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility of using ultrasound technology as a non-invasive, low-stress methodology to assess the seasonal reproductive potential in sexually mature adult abalone
Since histology required lethal sampling, the histology images used in this manuscript for ripe male and female (Figures 2E–H) were not taken from the same individuals from which the ultrasound images were recorded and are solely for illustrative purposes (Rogers-Bennett et al, 2010); all other histology and ultrasound images are derived from the same individual (Figures 2A–D)
Summary
Gonad condition provides powerful reproductive information for conservation and production aquaculture programs. Along the west coast of the United States, abalone populations have further deteriorated by a “perfect storm” of environmental disasters leading to recent mass mortality events. These stressors include withering syndrome (Lafferty and Ben-Horin, 2013; Crosson et al, 2014), harmful algal blooms (De Wit et al, 2014), and starvation due to the catastrophic loss of kelp forests from warm ocean temperatures and sea urchin overpopulation (Rogers-Bennett and Catton, 2019). Along with changes in climatic conditions, changes in habitat loss have negatively impacted the reproductive potential, or the relative capacity of an individual to reproduce under suboptimal conditions (Rogers-Bennett et al, 2010, 2021)
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