Abstract
Type 1, or ‘acute hypoxaemic’, failure is commonly seen acutely in diseases that involve damage to the lung tissue itself, e.g. pulmonary oedema, pneumonia, and fibrosing alveolitis. Type 2, or ‘ventilatory’, failure is seen when the alveolar ventilation is insufficient to allow the excretion of the volumes of CO2 that are being produced, e.g. chronic bronchitis or central depression. The absolute levels of PaO2 and PaCO2 that define respiratory failure are not strictly defined, but PaO2 , 8 kPa and PaCO2 . 8 kPa are accepted widely. The causes of both types of respiratory failure are legion. They can conveniently be grouped into four broad categories:
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