Abstract
Hyperglycemic environment-induced oxidative stress-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) plays a crucial role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which might contribute to premature skin aging. Synthesized, environmentally friendly gallic acid-coated gold nanoparticles (GA–AuNPs) have been evaluated as an anti-aging antioxidant. Their microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which showed that GA–AuNPs are spherical when prepared at pH 11. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed that the average hydrodynamic diameter of a GA–AuNP is approximately 40 nm and with a zeta potential of −49.63 ± 2.11 mV. Additionally, the present data showed that GA–AuNPs have a superior ability to inhibit high glucose-mediated MMP-1-elicited type I collagen degradation in dermal fibroblast cells. Collectively, our data indicated that high-glucose-mediated ROS production was reduced upon cell treatment with GA–AuNPs, which blocked p38 MAPK/ERK-mediated c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2 phosphorylation, and the phosphorylation of NFκB, leading to the down-regulation of MMP-1 mRNA and protein expression in high glucose-treated cells. Our findings suggest that GA-AuNPs have a superior ability to inhibit high-glucose-mediated MMP-1-elicited ECM degradation, which highlights its potential as an anti-aging ingredient.
Highlights
Skin aging can generally be attributed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors
NFκB activation in high glucose-treated cells. These results indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK/AP-1 and NFκB pathways are responsible for high glucose-stimulated
The results showed that GA–AuNPs significantly reduced NFκB in high glucose cells (Figure 5B)
Summary
Skin aging can generally be attributed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors. Intrinsic aging refers to the effects of hormonal, genetic, physiological, and pathological changes over time.Extrinsic factors concern changes in environmental, lifestyle, diet, exposure to sunlight, smoke and pollution. Skin aging can generally be attributed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors. Intrinsic aging refers to the effects of hormonal, genetic, physiological, and pathological changes over time. Solar radiation is the most important extrinsic factor associated with premature skin aging [1]. Another is a high serum glucose level [2]. Diabetic patients often have skin that appears aged because the collagen in the dermal connective tissue is fragmented [3]. Exposing dermal fibroblasts and skin tissue to a hyperglycemic environment causes premature cellular senescence and induces the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) [2,4], the major protease that causes collagen fragmentation
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