Evaluation of Environmental Data for Regulatory and Impact Assessment.

Abstract

Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Analytical Development. Evaluation of Database. Evaluation of Current Techniques. Analytical Techniques. Electroanalytical. Spectroscopic. Elution and Size Separation. Toxicity Assessment. Acute Toxicity. Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity. Genotoxicity. Ecotoxicity. References. Quality of Analytical Data. Determinants of Quality. End-use of Data. Methodologies. Speciation Changes. Sampling Techniques. QA/QC Programs. Limits of Detection, Quantitation and Reporting. References. Quality of Biological Data. Determinants of Quality. Effects of Fate Processes on Toxicity Assessment. Multi-tier Toxicity Testing. False +ve and False -ve Results. Single versus Battery of Tests. Boundary of Information. References. Screening of Toxic Chemicals. Environmental Distribution. Predictive Capabilities of Fate Processes. Bench-mark Concept. Structure-Activity Relationship. References. Hazard Evaluation. Hazard Identification. Dose-Response Relationship. Threshold Level and Safety Factor. Non-Threshold Hazards. References. Evaluation of Databases for Impact Assessment. Chemical Impact. Regulatory Needs. Environmental Databases. Data Evaluation. Environmental Influence on the Fate and Transport of Chemicals. Models, Their Predictions and Comparisons with Field Data. Biological Impact. Field Monitors. Terrestrial and Aquatic Plants. Invertebrates. Fish. Wildlife (Mammals and Birds). Assessment Models. Model Classification. Acidification Simulation Model. Aquatic Fate Models. Accuracy and Uncertainty. References. Risk Assessment. Animal Studies and Dose-Response. Uncertainties in Extrapolation to Low Levels. Estimation of Total Environmental Exposure. Methodologies in Risk Assessment. Comparative Risk Assessment. References. Regulatory Decision-Making Process. Strength and Boundary of Information. Risk Communication. Public Participation in Risk Management. Control Strategies and Options. Cost-Benefit Analysis. Determining Acceptable Risk. References. Appendix A: Glossary of Terms Used in This Book. Appendix B: Index.