Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen rates, tillage, and planting methods on the energy use efficiency (EUE) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivation after rice harvesting in paddy fields. A split factorial experiment in a complete randomized block design was conducted at the Rice Research Institute of Iran during 2016–2018. The conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage methods were considered as the main plots and two planting methods of direct seeding and transplanting, and the amounts of 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha−1 of pure nitrogen (N) as factorial in subplots. The results showed that the treatments of CTN3 (conventional tillage × transplanting × 300 kg of N fertilizer) with the averages of 39174.8 MJ ha−1 and 1108.36 kg CO2 eq. ha−1, and CDN3 (conventional tillage × direct seeding × 300 kg of N fertilizer) with 38386.0 MJ ha−1 and 1138.36 kg CO2 eq. ha−1 had the highest energy input and GHG emissions, respectively. Maximum EUE and energy productivity and low GHG were obtained using the treatment combinations of no-tillage and minimum tillage at 100 kg ha−1 of nitrogen in both planting methods, suggesting them as the promising choices for planting rapeseed in Guilan province.
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