Abstract
Coffee is one of the most important crops cultivated in the world for use in beverages and confectionaries. Embryogenesis is a complex process that begins with a single cell and ends with the formation of mature embryos. Somatic embryo development involves accumulation of complex metabolites and storage reserves. This present experiment identified and quantified endogenous phytocomponents and amino acids present during somatic embryogenesis of ‘Ruiru 11’. Laboratory experiments for this study were set up in the Coffee Research Institute, Kenya at Ruiru. Third leaf pair explants were excised from 8-month-old greenhouse-grown mother plants sterilized and cultured in half strength Murashige and Skoog basal salts augmented with Thidiazuron. Once embryos had developed, the cultures were analysed for phytocomponents using GCMS and HPLC. The results showed that palmitoleic and stearic acids were highest (23.3 µg/g and 69.9 µg/g respectively) in brown embryogenic cultures. Cis 7,8 epoxy-2-methyl octadecane was highest (253 µg/g) in green embryogenic cultures. (Z)-3-Tetradecene was highest (25 µg/g) in brown non-embryogenic cultures. Z, Z-3,13- Octadecedien-1-ol and (Z)-7-Hexadecenal were highest (32.1 µg/g and 70.2 µg/g respectively) in green embryogenic cultures. Alanine content was highest (4.4 µg/g) in embryos of brown cultures. Amino acids, fatty acids and their derivatives are potential biomarkers for embryogenesis. Other phytocomponents should be identified and their role in coffee somatic embryogenesis determined. Further studies regarding the status of the phytocomponents identified in the present study, especially in particular stages of embryo development are needed to propose treatments to improve coffee somatic embryo development.
Highlights
Embryogenesis is a spatio-temporally organized developmental process central to the life cycles of diverse plant species (Navarro et al, 2017)
This paper reports results of phytocomponents and amino acids identified and quantified during development of coffee somatic embryos in vitro
Fatty acids Significant (P
Summary
Embryogenesis is a spatio-temporally organized developmental process central to the life cycles of diverse plant species (Navarro et al, 2017). The switch prepares embryos for post-embryonic development involving synthesis and accumulation of nutrient reserves, suppression of precocious germination, acquisition of desiccation tolerance and, in some species, induction of dormancy (Koorneef and Karseen, 1994). The histo-differentiation of somatic embryos is normally associated with changes in synthesis and mobilization of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, whose levels change along the developmental stages of cultures (Lulsdorf et al, 1992). Fatty acids are molecules attached to other compounds such as sugars, glycerol or phosphates to form lipids (Karimi et al, 2015) and are associated with many biological activities. Hydrocarbons, aldehydes and alcohols are products of the enzymatic breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids (El Hadi et al, 2013). This paper reports results of phytocomponents and amino acids identified and quantified during development of coffee somatic embryos in vitro
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