Evaluation of Electrolyte Concentration and Pro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Status in Dogs with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease under Dietary Treatment.

Doris Pereira Halfen,Marcia Mery Kogika,Cristiana Fonseca Ferreira Pontieri,Douglas Segalla Caragelasco,Vivian Pedrinelli,Juliana Paschoalin De Souza Nogueira,Patrícia Massae Oba,Juliana Toloi Jeremias,Bruna Ruberti,Marcio Antonio Brunetto

doi:10.3390/toxins12010003

Doris Pereira Halfen, Marcia Mery Kogika + Show 8 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010003

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Abstract

An integrated study on the effect of renal diet on mineral metabolism, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), total antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory markers has not been performed previously. In this study, we evaluated the effects of renal diet on mineral metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation in dogs with stage 3 or 4 of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS), serum biochemical profile, ionized calcium (i-Ca), total calcium (t-Ca), phosphorus (P), urea, creatinine, parathyroid hormone (PTH), FGF-23, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured at baseline (T0) and after 6 months of dietary treatment (T6). Serum urea, P, t-Ca, i-Ca, PTH, FGF-23, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and TAC measurements did not differ between T0 and T6. Serum creatinine (SCr) was increased at T6 and serum PTH concentrations were positively correlated with serum SCr and urea. i-Ca was negatively correlated with urea and serum phosphorus was positively correlated with FGF-23. Urea and creatinine were positively correlated. The combination of renal diet and support treatment over 6 months in dogs with CKD stage 3 or 4 was effective in controlling uremia, acid–base balance, blood pressure, total antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory cytokine levels and in maintaining BCS and MCS.

Highlights

Scientific evidence indicates that patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have antioxidant and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) deficiencies and that those nutrients are capable of reducing inflammation [6,7,23,34]
Diagnosis of CKD was based on persistent azotemia over 3 months as well as imaging findings of chronic kidney abnormalities
No difference in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was found in the literature between CKD and healthy cats and dogs, corroborating the results found in this study and suggesting that systemic antioxidant defense systems might not be exhausted in CKD [8,55,56]

Summary

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered the most common renal disease in dogs [1].Throughout the progression of this disease, several changes occur in the organism, such as disorders of Toxins 2020, 12, 3; doi:10.3390/toxins12010003 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxinsToxins 2020, 12, 3 calcium and phosphorus metabolism, development of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism (SRHP), and increases in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), oxidative stress and inflammation [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].and improving the survival of affected animals [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Toxins 2020, 12, 3 calcium and phosphorus metabolism, development of secondary renal hyperparathyroidism (SRHP), and increases in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), oxidative stress and inflammation [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Oxidative stress generates tissue injury and inflammation, directly contributing to the progression of CKD [11,30,31] as inflammatory cytokines increase protein catabolism and inhibit appetite, exacerbating cachexia [11,32,33]. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a renal diet in dogs with CKD stage 3 or 4, on mineral metabolism, blood pressure, acid–base balance, body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS), inflammatory cytokine levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)

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