Evaluation of effect factors on water quality of Karun River in downstream and lake of the Gotvand-e-Olya Dam (SW Iran)

Abstract

Outcrop of Gachsaran evaporative formation in the lake of Gotvand-e-Olya Dam in SW IRAN has posed a major challenge in terms of water quality. In the present study, multivariate statistical analysis, ionic ratios, and Piper diagram were utilized to investigate the effect of formation dissolution on water quality. Sampling was performed two times with a time interval of 6 months. The result showed that the types of downstream samples are Cl–Na and Cl–Ca, which are affected by the dissolution of Gachsaran Formation and reverse ion exchange. Due to the transmission of the saline water to the depth and layering of reservoir, the water types in the upper levels of dam’s lake are (SO4–Ca and HCO3–Ca) and (Cl–Ca and SO4–Ca) upon the first and second sampling, respectively. In both times, the clustering of the EC, TDS, Na, and Cl parameters demonstrates the effect of halite dissolution on water quality in downstream and lake of the dam. At the first sampling, the SO4 and HCO3 parameters are in one cluster that shows increasing calcareous formation dissolution. At the second time, the grouping of the Ca and SO4 parameters shows the effect of gypsum and anhydrite dissolution on water quality. In both sampling times, the stations are grouped based on distance to the dam such that upstream stations are in one cluster. Results of principal component analysis show that data of the first-time sampling are summarized into two factors that show the effect of the formation dissolution and rainfall effect on water quality, respectively. At the second-time sampling, studied parameters are summarized in one factor. Local conditions of the studied area indicate the dominant effect of formation dissolution on water quality. The results of ionic ratios confirm the effect of geological formation on water quality in the lake and downstream of the dam. Due to the water layering, in terms of salinity in the dam’s lake, the rate and discharge of water outflow of the dam also affect the water quality in downstream.