Abstract
Brassica tournefortii is an important broadleaf weed of the winter season in the northern grain region of Australia. Knowledge of germination ecology of this weed would help in implementing effective weed control programs. A series of experiments were conducted to study the germination and dormancy behavior of four biotypes of B. tournefortii seeds, biotypes A (collected from barley crop), B (barley fence lines), C (chickpea crop), and D (chickpea fence lines), collected from the St George region of Queensland. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of various methods on the seed dormancy release of B. tournefortii. Water, potassium nitrate and a soil extract did not release dormancy in B. tournefortii seeds (biotype A) at 20/10 °C in the light/dark regime. Cold stratification (5 °C) also did not improve germination. However, gibberellic acid (GA3; 100–300 mg kg−1) stimulated germination (>88%). Germination also improved when seeds were immersed in sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl; 42 g L−1) for 10 minutes and the effect was more pronounced under the complete dark environment (89% germination at a day/night temperature of 20/10 °C). The NaOCl treatment makes seeds more porous and decreases sensitivity to light. Another experiment in light/dark conducted at 25/15 °C with two biotypes (A and D) showed that, without NaOCl treatment, biotype A was more sensitive to light (29% germination) as compared to biotype D (92% germination). Our results suggest that dormancy in B. tournefortii seeds can be broken by the combination of NaOCl (10 min) and a dark environment. A day/night temperature of 25/15 °C was found best for optimum germination (>87%) for all the biotypes (A-D) when incubated in dark after treating with NaOCl. This research indicated a high degree of variability in germination responses for various biotypes of B. tournefortii seeds to various sets of conditions, which may be due to metabolic changes in response to maternal environments or genetically controlled mechanisms. Information gained from this study will be important in developing a better understanding of the dormancy behavior of B. tournefortii seeds in response to tillage systems or maternal environments that could influence the weed seed bank in the soil and therefore help in designing suitable weed management programs.
Highlights
Brassica tournefortii Gouan. is an important winter season broadleaf weed in the northern grain region of Australia
B. tournefortii seeds were unable to germinate in water when incubated in the light/dark regime at the alternating day/night temperature of 20/10 °C
Our results suggest that B. tournefortii seeds may be similar to other negative photoblastic seeds in which phytochrome far-red (Pfr) remaining after seed ripening may trigger germination upon rehydration in the dark[42,43] but again the response varied with biotypes under various alternating temperatures
Summary
Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (known as wild turnip in Australia) is an important winter season broadleaf weed in the northern grain region of Australia. In Australia, it has been reported that B. tournefortii could reduce canola yield[1] and other winter cereals[2] through competition This weed occupies the 6th position in the national ranking in terms of revenue loss (AU$ 10.6 million) due to crop yield losses in Australia[2]. Some authors reported that NaOCl inhibited the rate of germination but not the total germination[16,17] These differences in results might be due to differences in the duration of treatment or concentration used[18]. These studies suggest that some weed seeds require a specific immersion time in NaOCl for releasing dormancy. Treatment of NaOCl released seed dormancy of Avena fatua L. possibly by modifying the properties of the hull and seed coat membranes, or by increasing the permeability of the seed to oxygen[22]
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