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Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that is primarily controlled by vaccination of susceptible animals and movement restrictions for animals and animal-derived products in South Africa. Vaccination using aluminium hydroxide gel-saponin (AS) adjuvanted vaccines containing the South African Territories (SAT) serotypes has been shown to be effective both in ensuring that disease does not spread from the endemic to the free zone and in controlling outbreaks in the free zone. Various vaccine formulations containing antigens derived from the SAT serotypes were tested in cattle that were challenged 1 year later. Both the AS and ISA 206B vaccines adjuvanted with saponin protected cattle against virulent virus challenge. The oil-based ISA 206B-adjuvanted vaccine with and without stimulators was evaluated in a field trial and both elicited antibody responses that lasted for 1 year. Furthermore, the ISA 206 adjuvanted FMD vaccine protected groups of cattle against homologous virus challenge at very low payloads, while pigs vaccinated with an emergency ISA 206B-based FMD vaccine containing the SAT 1 vaccine strains were protected against the heterologous SAT 1 outbreak strain.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotypes South African Territories (SAT) 1, 2 and 3 are endemic in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations in the Kruger National Park (KNP) and adjoining game farms in the extreme north-eastern corner of South Africa (Vosloo, Accepted for publication 22 October 2007—EditorBastos, Sangare, Hargreaves & Thomson 2002a; Vosloo, Boshoff, Dwarka & Bastos 2002b)
The antibody titres elicited by the ISA 206B and ISA 50 (3) formulations showed a steady decline over time from 12 weeks pv and, in general, were still positive at Weeks 32–40 (Fig. 1A–E), while the antibody titres for the SAT 2B antigen remained positive for the duration of the trial (Fig. 1D)
In the group of cattle vaccinated with FMD vaccine adjuvanted with ISA 206B and containing saponin, a booster vaccination after 8 weeks did not elicit initial high antibody responses, but titres above the 1.6 log10 cut-off titre were maintained for 28–50 weeks
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotypes SAT 1, 2 and 3 are endemic in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations in the Kruger National Park (KNP) and adjoining game farms in the extreme north-eastern corner of South Africa Preliminary trials with oil-adjuvanted vaccines without saponin containing SAT strains showed that W/O/W- and W/Oadjuvanted vaccines elicited higher antibody responses than the AS vaccines (Hunter 1996), and should be able to protect for longer time periods than the AS vaccines The aims of this investigation were to evaluate different oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine formulations to determine which formulation would protect cattle from homologous virulent virus challenge, to perform a field evaluation of the oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine intended to replace the current aqueous vaccine used in areas surrounding the KNP where FMD vaccination is practised, to determine whether the addition of saponin to the W/O/W emulsion will positively affect the vaccine as previously demonstrated (Smitsaart et al 2004), and to determine the level of protection induced by oil-based vaccines using lower payloads as well as their efficacy in pigs using the SAT strains. The vaccine was considered safe if no FMD lesions were observed on the tongue and feet, and if there was no swelling at the site of injection
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