Evaluation of Deodorizing Effects of Saccharina japonica in 10-Month-Old ICR Mice Using a Novel Odor Marker Associated with Aging.

Ji Eun Kim,So Hae Park,Dae Youn Hwang,Jeong Eun Gong,Su Jin Lee,Yun Ju Choi,Ji Eun Seong,Muhammad Jan

doi:10.1155/2022/1410144

Abstract

The potential deodorizing effects of Saccharina japonica have been evaluated by determining their deodorizing performance, but they are yet to be validated in experimental animals. The deodorizing effects of S. japonica were examined in an animal model using a novel odor marker associated with aging by comparing the concentration of odor component in urine obtained from two- and 10-month-old ICR mice using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the changes in the trimethylamine (TMA) concentration, ammonia level, and structure of sweat gland were determined after exposing 10-month-old ICR mice to 70% ethanol extract of S. japonica (EESJ) for four weeks. In vitro analysis was performed to confirm the composition of EESJ with respect to the total flavonoid contents (TFC, 28.6 ± 2.5 mg/g), total polyphenol contents (TPC, 107.3 ± 8.9 mg/g), and total condensed tannin contents (TTC, 65.7 ± 5.2 mg/g) contents, as well as to the deodorizing performance to ammonia and acetic acid (91.2 ± 7.8% and 54.8 ± 6.3%, respectively). In vivo analysis revealed TMA to be the novel odor marker associated with aging among the 19 odor components evaluated, considering the higher concentration in the urine of 10-month-old ICR mice. The peak area of TMA on the gas chromatogram was significantly lower in the 10-month-old ICR mice treated with EESJ than in the two-month-old mice. A similar decrease was observed in the level of ammonia obtained from the dirty bedding of the EESJ-treated group. Moreover, tissues obtained from the mouse foot of the group exposed to EESJ showed a dose-dependent decrease in the gland tube number of sweat glands and the TMA dehydrogenase transcription level. Overall, these results provide novel evidence that the administration of EESJ helps reduce the body TMA and ammonia concentrations, resulting in reduced odor and a decrease in the number of sweat glands and the expression of TMA dehydrogenase in the ICR mouse feet.

Highlights

Body odor in humans is determined by various factors, including the genetic background, physiological conditions, behavioral patterns, food ingestion, and disease types [1]
16 compounds showed higher concentrations in the 10-month-old ICR mice compared with the two-month-old ICR mice, whereas three compounds showed lower levels in the same group. e TMA concentration was high, with an 11.7-fold increase in the 10-month-old ICR mice compared with the two-month-old ICR mice (Figure 2). erefore, TMA was selected as the novel odor marker associated with aging considering the above data and the ease of preparation that involves a reaction of ammonia and methanol employing a catalyst (Figure 3(b)) [29]
This study investigated some associated changes in the histological structure of the sweat glands due to the deodorizing effects of ethanol extract of S. japonica (EESJ) in 10-month-old ICR mice. e changes in the histological structure were analyzed in the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections obtained from the feet of subset group mice. e number and size of the gland tubes in the sweat gland decreased significantly after the HiEESJ treatment compared with the vehicle-treated group. is alteration showed a dose-dependent decrease in the two EESJ-treated groups (Figure 5)

Summary

Introduction

Body odor in humans is determined by various factors, including the genetic background, physiological conditions, behavioral patterns, food ingestion, and disease types [1]. Despite the diversity of influencing factors, the major contributor is the bacterial activity in skin gland secretions [2]. Most of the chemical compounds required by the skin bacterial flora are secreted from the apocrine sweat glands on the skin, which are metabolized into odorant substances [2]. Three types of odorant substances have been identified as the main compounds in the human axilla. HMHA is more abundant than E-3M2H and is quantitatively the most dominant human odorant [6, 7]. Several amino acid conjugates, such as 3M2H-Gln, HMHA-Gln, Cys-Gly, and Cys, appear to be the key precursors for odorant acids. Several amino acid conjugates, such as 3M2H-Gln, HMHA-Gln, Cys-Gly, and Cys, appear to be the key precursors for odorant acids. ree enzymes mediate the formation of these conjugates: zincdependent Nα-acyl-Gln aminoacylase, zinc-dependent dipeptidase, and cystathionine β-lyase [9,10,11,12]

Methods

Results

Conclusion