Abstract
BackgroundIntraoperative incorporation of radiopaque fiducial markers at the tumor resection surface can provide useful assistance in identifying the tumor bed in postoperative imaging for RT planning and radiological follow-up. Besides titanium clips, iodine containing injectable liquid fiducial markers represent an option that has emerged more recently for this purpose. In this study, marking oral soft tissue resection surfaces, applying low dose injections of a novel Conformité Européenne (CE)-marked liquid fiducial marker based on sucrose acetoisobutyrate (SAIB) and iodinated SAIB (x-SAIB) was investigated.MethodsVisibility and discriminability of low dose injections of SAIB/x-SAIB (10 µl, 20 µl, 30 µl) were systematically studied at different kV settings used in clinical routine in an ex-vivo porcine mandible model. Transferability of the preclinical results into the clinical setting and applicability of DE-CT were investigated in initial patients.ResultsMarkers created by injection volumes as low as 10 µl were visible in CT imaging at all kV settings applied in clinical routine (70–120 kV). An injection volume of 30 µl allowed differentiation from an injection volume of 10 µl. In a total of 118 injections performed in two head and neck cancer patients, markers were clearly visible in 83% and 86% of injections. DE-CT allowed for differentiation between SAIB/x-SAIB markers and other hyperdense structures.ConclusionsInjection of low doses of SAIB/x-SAIB was found to be a feasible approach to mark oral soft tissue resection surfaces, with injection volumes as low as 10 µl found to be visible at all kV settings applied in clinical routine. With the application of SAIB/x-SAIB reported for tumors of different organs already, mostly applying relatively large volumes for IGRT, this study adds information on the applicability of low dose injections to facilitate identification of the tumor bed in postoperative CT and on performance of the marker at different kV settings used in clinical routine.
Highlights
Intraoperative incorporation of radiopaque fiducial markers at the tumor resection surface can provide useful assistance in identifying the tumor bed in postoperative imaging for radiation therapy (RT) planning and radiological follow-up
Preclinical evaluation of the marker at different kV settings Creating fiducial markers by performing low dose injections of sucrose acetoisobutyrate (SAIB)/x-SAIB proved to be feasible, with all injections resulting in markers clearly visible in Computed tomography (CT)-imaging
Evaluating the impact of the injected volume, it could be demonstrated that increasing the injection volume resulted in an increase in the variance of the resulting segmentable volumes (Fig. 2), while at the same time decreasing the ratio between segmented volume and 20 μl kV
Summary
Intraoperative incorporation of radiopaque fiducial markers at the tumor resection surface can provide useful assistance in identifying the tumor bed in postoperative imaging for RT planning and radiological follow-up. In head and neck cancer, guidelines recommend postoperative RT in case of advanced tumor, close or positive resection margins and cases of cervical lymph node, vascular and/or perineural involvement [4] In this context, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) can facilitate delivering targeted RT to the tumor bed, improving locoregional tumor control, while at the same time reducing the dose to the surrounding healthy tissue, resulting in a reduction of early and late RT related complications [5,6,7]. Intraoperative incorporation of titanium ligature clips has been demonstrated to facilitate precise definition of the tumor bed in postsurgical imaging, allowing for an increased accuracy of adjuvant radiation treatment [9, 10]
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